Velia, silver, drachms (465-440 BCE)
From SILVER
465 BCE - 440 BCE Silver 2,596 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Head of a nymph to right, her hair turned up and bound with a taenia |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | YEΛH (Greek).Owl standing right on olive twig. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Velia | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Lucania | Modern countryModern country: Italy | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 465 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 440 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 3.95 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | drachma
|
StandardStandard.: |
Image
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Williams 1992, Groupe II: variétés 78-128 (D58-D87 et R55-R98) | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2Sear I, n° 251, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3RQEMAC, n° 12, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]4HN Italy, n° 1265, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]5HGC 1, n° 1328 | ||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 9 | 30 | 9 | 5.56 | 59, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87 |
| 2 | 5 | 16.67 | 10 | 6.17 | 60, 61, 67, 69, 73 |
| 3 | 1 | 3.33 | 3 | 1.85 | 70 |
| 4 | 2 | 6.67 | 8 | 4.94 | 66, 71 |
| 5 | 1 | 3.33 | 5 | 3.09 | 79 |
| 7 | 2 | 6.67 | 14 | 8.64 | 64, 65 |
| 8 | 3 | 10 | 24 | 14.81 | 74, 75, 78 |
| 9 | 1 | 3.33 | 9 | 5.56 | 77 |
| 10 | 4 | 13.33 | 40 | 24.69 | 58, 62, 63, 68 |
| 17 | 1 | 3.33 | 17 | 10.49 | 72 |
| 23 | 1 | 3.33 | 23 | 14.2 | 76 |
| Total | 30 of 30 | 99.99 | 162 of 162 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 30 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 9 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 44 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 162 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 5.4 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 3.68 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.47 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 30 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 32.86 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 657,200 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 36.82 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00025 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 94.44% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 9,860.01 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 2,596 kg <br /> 2,596 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 24,650.03 |
Remarks
References
- ^ Williams, Roderick T. (1992), The silver coinage of Velia, Royal Numismatic Society. Special publication. No. 25, London, xi, 152 p., 47 pl.
- ^ Sear, David R. (1978), Greek coins and their values. Vol. I, Europe, London, xl, 316 p.
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (2003), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires archaïques et classiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, VII + 267 p.
- ^ Rutter N. Keith et alii (eds.) (2001), Historia Numorum Italy, London, xvi, 223 p., 43 pl.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2018), The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series, Volume 1. Handbook of Coins of Italy and Magna Graecia, Sixth to First Centuries BC., Lancaster-London, 2018, lxi, 527 pages, 23 cm
