Sidon, bronze (c 3.5g) (Tyche/Europa) (169-145 BCE)
From SILVER
169 BCE - 145 BCE Bronze
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Bust of Tyche right, wearing mural crown. In the field, one/several letter(s) or symbol (deer, eagle, caduceus). Border of dots. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | LSDNM (Phoenician).Europa seated on Zeus metamorphosed in a bull left, holding her veil inflated by the wind above her head. Border of dots. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Sidon | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Phoenicia | Modern countryModern country: Lebanon | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 169 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 145 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC 
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Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Bronze
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 3.50 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | StandardStandard.: |
Image
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Abou Diwan 2012, p. 94-95, n° 41-58 | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2HGC 10, n° 290 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 15 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 13 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 12 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 18 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 1.2 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.5 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 0.8 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 86.67 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 69.28 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 1,385,600 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 90 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00001 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 27.78% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 519.63 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | n.a. | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 1,299.08 |
Remarks
References
- ^ Abou Diwan, Georges (2012), "Le monnayage civique non daté de Sidon: Opportunisme civique et pragmatisme royal (169/8-111/0 av. J.-C.)", American Journal of Numismatic, 24, p. 91-121.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2010), The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series. 10. handbook of coins of the Southern Levant : Phoenicia, southern Koile Syria (including Judaea), and Arabia, Lancaster-London, lxxix, 201 p.
