RQEM ad. 437 - Messene, bronze, chalkoi (370/69-330 BCE)
From SILVER
370 BCE - 330 BCE Bronze
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Head of Demeter left, wearing earring, necklace and ear and leaves wreath. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | ME (Greek).No type. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Messene | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Peloponnesus | Modern countryModern country: Greece | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: | Messenian League |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 370 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 330 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Bronze
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 3.10 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | chalkous
|
StandardStandard.: |
Image
RQEM_ad_437.png "Paris, BnF, Fonds général 361 (https" has not been listed as valid URI scheme.[Paris, BnF, Fonds général 361 (https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8569816c)]
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | Grandjean 20031Grandjean 2003, series IV | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 1 | 9.09 | 1 | 1.89 | 20 |
| 2 | 3 | 27.27 | 6 | 11.32 | 12, 15, 16 |
| 3 | 4 | 36.36 | 12 | 22.64 | 10, 11, 18, 19 |
| 4 | 1 | 9.09 | 4 | 7.55 | 17 |
| 13 | 1 | 9.09 | 13 | 24.53 | 14 |
| 17 | 1 | 9.09 | 17 | 32.08 | 13 |
| Total | 11 of 11 | 99.99 | 53 of 53 | 100.01 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 11 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 1 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 22 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 53 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 4.82 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 2.41 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 2 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 9.09 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 12.3 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 246,000 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 13.88 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00022 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 98.11% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 8,617.89 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | n.a. | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 21,544.72 |
Remarks
Metrology boards, p. 40.
References
- ^ C. Grandjean, Les Messéniens de 370/369 au 1er siècle de notre ère. Monnayages et histoire, Athens, 2003
