Edessa (Mesopotamia), bronze (Caracalla) (198-217 AD)
From SILVER
197 BCE - 217 BCE Bronze
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | M AVR ANTONINVS PF AVG (Latin).Bearded bust of Caracalla wearing a laureate crown and facing right |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | COL MET ANTONINIANA AVR ALEX (Latin).Bust of Tyche wearing a mural crown, draped and veiled, facing right |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Edessa | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Mesopotamia | Modern countryModern country: Greece | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: | Roman Empire |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 197 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 217 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Roman from 30 BC 
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Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Bronze
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 3.30 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | StandardStandard.: |
Image
Type_1_Edessa.png [1]
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | Edward Dandrow 20161Edward Dandrow 2016, p. .183-206 | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | SNG Milan XII2SNG Milan XII, 4, 84, 17, SNG Righetti 25633SNG Righetti 2563, CNG 2034CNG 203, 418 | ||
Obverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 58 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 33 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 85 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 128 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 2.21 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.51 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.47 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 56.9 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 87.4 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 1,748,000 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 106.06 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00007 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 74.22% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 2,929.06 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | n.a. | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 7,322.65 |
Remarks
Most likely one single workstation
