Byzantium, silver, tetradrachms (bull on dolphin/dotted quadripartite incuse square) (387-340 BCE)
From SILVER
387 BCE - 340 BCE Silver 69,027 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | ΠY (Greek).Bull standing on dolphin left, the right front leg raised, monogram HP below. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | Quadripartite quadratum incusum with granulated fields. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Byzantium | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Thrace | Modern countryModern country: Turkey | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 387 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 340 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC 
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Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 15.00 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | tetradrachm
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StandardStandard.: |
Image
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Schönert-Geiss 1970, p. 116-119, n° 650-711 | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2RQEMAC, n° 120, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3HGC 3.2, n° 1386 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 46 | 88.46 | 46 | 73.02 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52 |
| 2 | 4 | 7.69 | 8 | 12.7 | 17, 31, 36, 40 |
| 4 | 1 | 1.92 | 4 | 6.35 | 16 |
| 5 | 1 | 1.92 | 5 | 7.94 | 30 |
| Total | 52 of 52 | 99.99 | 63 of 63 | 100.01 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 52 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 46 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 62 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 63 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 1.21 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.02 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.19 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 88.46 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 230.09 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 4,601,800 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 297.82 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00001 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 26.98% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 547.61 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 69,027 kg <br /> 69,027 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 1,369.03 |
Remarks
References
- ^ Schönert-Geiss, Edith (1970), Die Münzprägung von Byzantion. Teil 1: Autonome Zeit, Berlin.
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (2003), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires archaïques et classiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, VII + 267 p.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2017), Handbook of Coins of Macedon and Its Neighbors. 3. Part 2: Thrace, Skythia, and Taurike, Sixth to First Centuries BC, Lancaster-London, xix, 232 p.
