Byzantium, silver, quarter sigloi (bull on dolphin/quadripatite incuse square) (340-320 BCE)
From SILVER
340 BCE - 320 BCE Silver 2,457 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | ΠY (Greek).Bull standing left on dolphin, raising right forehoof. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | Incuse square of mill-sail pattern, roughened or dotted ground. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Byzantium | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Thrace | Modern countryModern country: Turkey | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 340 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 320 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC 
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Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 0.45 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | quarter siglos | StandardStandard.: |
Image
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Schönert-Geiss 1970, p. 112-115, n° 591-642 | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2RQEMAC, n° 119a, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3HGC 3.2, n° 1391 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 42 | 89.36 | 42 | 77.78 | 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47 |
| 2 | 4 | 8.51 | 8 | 14.81 | 2, 7, 14, 25 |
| 3 | 1 | 2.13 | 3 | 5.56 | 1 |
| Total | 47 of 47 | 100 | 53 of 54 | 98.15 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 47 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 42 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 52 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 54 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 1.15 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.04 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.11 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 89.36 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 272.99 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 5,459,800 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 362.57 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00001 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 22.22% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 395.62 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 2,457 kg <br /> 2,457 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 989.05 |
Remarks
References
- ^ Schönert-Geiss, Edith (1970), Die Münzprägung von Byzantion. Teil 1: Autonome Zeit, Berlin.
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (2003), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires archaïques et classiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, VII + 267 p.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2017), Handbook of Coins of Macedon and Its Neighbors. 3. Part 2: Thrace, Skythia, and Taurike, Sixth to First Centuries BC, Lancaster-London, xix, 232 p.
