Byzantium, silver, drachms (bull on dolphin/dotted quadripartite incuse square) (387-340 BCE)
From SILVER
387 BCE - 340 BCE Silver 11,812 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | ΠY (Greek).Bull standing left on dolphin, raising right forehoof. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | Incuse square of mill-sail pattern with dotted surface. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Byzantium | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Thrace | Modern countryModern country: Turkey | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 387 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 340 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 3.60 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | drachma
|
StandardStandard.: |
Image
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Schönert-Geiss 1970, p. 119-121, n° 712-749 | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2RQEMAC, n° 121, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3HGC 3.2, n° 1387 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 29 | 87.88 | 29 | 74.36 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 |
| 2 | 2 | 6.06 | 4 | 10.26 | 5, 16 |
| 3 | 2 | 6.06 | 6 | 15.38 | 8, 33 |
| Total | 33 of 33 | 100 | 39 of 39 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 33 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 29 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 38 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 39 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 1.18 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.03 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.15 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 87.88 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 164.05 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 3,281,000 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 214.5 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00001 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 25.64% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 475.46 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 11,812 kg <br /> 11,812 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 1,188.66 |
Remarks
References
- ^ Schönert-Geiss, Edith (1970), Die Münzprägung von Byzantion. Teil 1: Autonome Zeit, Berlin.
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (2003), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires archaïques et classiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, VII + 267 p.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2017), Handbook of Coins of Macedon and Its Neighbors. 3. Part 2: Thrace, Skythia, and Taurike, Sixth to First Centuries BC, Lancaster-London, xix, 232 p.
