Byzantium, silver, drachms (411-387/6 BCE)
From SILVER
411 BCE - 386 BCE Silver 108,717 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | ΠY (Greek).Cow standing left on dolphin. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | Quadripartite incuse square of millsail form. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Byzantium | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Thrace | Modern countryModern country: Turkey | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 411 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 386 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 4.35 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | drachma
|
StandardStandard.: |
Image
AC117 Byzantium.jpeg [1]
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | Schönert-Geiss 19701Schönert-Geiss 1970, n° 1-235. | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | Sear I2Sear I, n° 1579, RQEMAC3RQEMAC, n° 117 | ||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 186 | 89 | 186 | 77.82 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207 |
| 2 | 18 | 8.61 | 36 | 15.06 | 16, 18, 35, 41, 48, 50, 61, 70, 71, 74, 82, 93, 94, 159, 161, 192, 208, 209 |
| 3 | 4 | 1.91 | 12 | 5.02 | 29, 32, 69, 86 |
| 5 | 1 | 0.48 | 5 | 2.09 | 87 |
| Total | 209 of 209 | 100 | 239 of 239 | 99.99 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 209 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 186 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 225 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 239 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 1.14 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.06 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.08 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 89 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 1249.62 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 24,992,400 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 1665.03 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00001 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 22.18% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 382.52 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 108,717 kg <br /> 108,717 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 956.29 |
Remarks
References
- ^ Schönert-Geiss, Edith (1970), Die Münzprägung von Byzantion. Teil 1: Autonome Zeit, Berlin.
- ^ Sear, David R. (1978), Greek coins and their values. Vol. I, Europe, London, xl, 316 p.
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (2003), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires archaïques et classiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, VII + 267 p.
