Byzantium, bronze (2.2g) (forepart of bull/three dolphins) (350-300 BCE)
From SILVER
350 BCE - 300 BCE Bronze
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Bull\'s head, right. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | Monogram (Greek).Three dolphins. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Byzantium | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Thrace | Modern countryModern country: Turkey | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 350 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 300 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC  , Hellenistic 323-30 BC
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Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Bronze
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 2.20 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | StandardStandard.: |
Image
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Schönert-Geiss 1970, n° 923-945 | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2Sear I, n° 1592, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3RQEMAC, n° 123a | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 21 | 95.45 | 21 | 91.3 | A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A9, A10, A11, A12; A13, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9 |
| 2 | 1 | 4.55 | 2 | 8.7 | A8 |
| Total | 22 of 22 | 100 | 23 of 23 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 22 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 21 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 22 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 23 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 1.05 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.05 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 95.45 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 318.64 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 6,372,800 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 506 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00000 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 8.7% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 144.36 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | n.a. | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 360.91 |
Remarks
References
- ^ Schönert-Geiss, Edith (1970), Die Münzprägung von Byzantion. Teil 1: Autonome Zeit, Berlin.
- ^ Sear, David R. (1978), Greek coins and their values. Vol. I, Europe, London, xl, 316 p.
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (2003), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires archaïques et classiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, VII + 267 p.
