Tyre, silver, shekels (357-333 BCE)
From SILVER
357 BCE - 333 BCE Silver 23,277 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Bearded god (Melqarth?) riding winged hippocamp to right, holding bow. Beneath, waves. Guilloche border |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | Owl standing to right, head facing, with crook and flail. In right field, Phoenician numerals. Guilloche border |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Tyre | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Phoenicia | Modern countryModern country: Lebanon | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: | Persian Empire |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 357 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 333 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 8.60 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | shekel
|
StandardStandard.: | Phoenician |
Image
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Elayi - Elayi 2009, p. 103, n° 796 (Series II.2.1) | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2Sear II, n° 5915915, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3HGC 10, n° 349 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 33 | 30.56 | 33 | 9.82 | 33, 34, 35, 43, 47, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 65, 70, 72, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 92, 95, 97, 98, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108 |
| 2 | 24 | 22.22 | 48 | 14.29 | 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 26, 27, 46, 51, 61, 62, 64, 68, 71, 75, 85, 88, 96, 99, 100 |
| 3 | 16 | 14.81 | 48 | 14.29 | 5, 15, 18, 19, 20, 29, 30, 31, 37, 49, 50, 60, 66, 67, 76, 89 |
| 4 | 15 | 13.89 | 60 | 17.86 | 2, 12, 22, 24, 25, 28, 32, 36, 40, 41, 44, 45, 54, 69, 94 |
| 5 | 4 | 3.7 | 20 | 5.95 | 4, 74, 77, 91 |
| 6 | 2 | 1.85 | 12 | 3.57 | 23, 42 |
| 7 | 8 | 7.41 | 56 | 16.67 | 1, 21, 38, 48, 78, 90, 95, 97 |
| 8 | 3 | 2.78 | 24 | 7.14 | 6, 39, 63 |
| 10 | 2 | 1.85 | 20 | 5.95 | 10, 73 |
| 15 | 1 | 0.93 | 15 | 4.46 | 93 |
| Total | 108 of 108 | 100 | 336 of 336 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 108 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 33 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 170 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 336 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 3.11 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.98 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.57 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 30.56 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 135.33 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 2,706,600 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 159.16 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00012 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 90.18% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 4,965.64 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 23,277 kg <br /> 23,277 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 12,414.1 |
Remarks
References
- ^ Elayi, Josette - Elayi, Alain G. (2009), The Coinage of the Phoenician City of Tyre in the Persian Period (5th-4th cent. BCE), Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 188, Leuven, Peeters, 517 p.
- ^ Sear, David R. (1979), Greek coins and their values. Vol. II, Asia and North Africa, London, xlviii, p. 317-762
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2010), The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series. 10. handbook of coins of the Southern Levant : Phoenicia, southern Koile Syria (including Judaea), and Arabia, Lancaster-London, lxxix, 201 p.
