Thuin (Nervii), gold, staters with the epsilon (70-30 BCE)
From SILVER
70 BCE - 30 BCE Gold 101,852 kg
Description
| Obverse: | Devolved and disjointed laureate male head to right. |
| Reverse: | Celticized horse galloping to right, above, wheel |
Mint and issuing power
| Mint: | Thuin | Ancient region: | Gallia | Modern country: Belgium | Authority: | Celtic numismatics, Nervii |
Chronology
| From | 70 BCE | to | 30 BCE | Period: |
Physical description
| Metal: | Gold 
|
Median weight in grams | 5.95 | Denomination: | stater
|
Standard: |
Image
References
| Die study reference: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Scheers - Creemers 2012, "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2Scheers et al. 2012 | ||
| Coin series reference: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| Frequency ᵖ | Number of obverses ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coins (n) | % (n) | Die name |
| 1 | 30 | 42.86 | 30 | 12.77 | 1, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 47, 49, 53, 54, 55, 64, 67, 70 |
| 2 | 11 | 15.71 | 22 | 9.36 | 4, 5, 7, 21, 23, 24, 27, 29, 38, 62, 63 |
| 3 | 12 | 17.14 | 36 | 15.32 | 2, 6, 10, 13, 16, 22, 41, 45, 46, 48, 61, 65 |
| 4 | 5 | 7.14 | 20 | 8.51 | 8, 9, 18, 26, 60 |
| 5 | 1 | 1.43 | 5 | 2.13 | 11 |
| 7 | 5 | 7.14 | 35 | 14.89 | 15, 51, 52, 58, 59 |
| 8 | 1 | 1.43 | 8 | 3.4 | 57 |
| 13 | 1 | 1.43 | 13 | 5.53 | 50 |
| 14 | 2 | 2.86 | 28 | 11.91 | 66, 68 |
| 17 | 1 | 1.43 | 17 | 7.23 | 69 |
| 21 | 1 | 1.43 | 21 | 8.94 | 56 |
| Total | 70 of 70 | 100 | 235 of 235 | 99.99 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obverses ᵖ (o) | 70 | Number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 30 |
| Number of reverse dies (r) | 122 | Number of coins (n) | 235 |
| Coins per obverse die (n/o) | 3.36 | Coins per reverse die (n/r) | 1.93 |
| Reverse per obverse ratio (r/o) | 1.74 | Percentage of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 42.86 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula) ᵖ | 85.59 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per die ᵖ | 1,711,800 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula) ᵖ (O) | 99.7 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per die ᵖ | 0.00014 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 87.23% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000 ᵖ | 5,491.3 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula) ᵖ | 101,852 kg <br /> 101,852 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000 ᵖ | 13,728.24 |
Remarks
Most likely one single workstation Likely military
References
- ^ Scheers, Simone - Creemers, Guido (2012), "The gold hoard of Fraire," in : Nico Roymans, Guido Creemers, and Simone Scheers (eds), Late Iron Age gold hoards from the Low Countries and the Caesarian conquest of Northern Gaul, 18, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, p. 47-69.
- ^ Scheers, Simone - Creemers, Guido - Roymans, Guido - Van Impe, Luc (2012), "Three gold hoards from Thuin," in: Nico Roymans, Guido Creemers, and Simone Scheers (eds), Late Iron Age gold hoards from the Low Countries and the Caesarian conquest of Northern Gaul, 18, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, p. 71-108
