Taras, gold, staters (333-272 BCE)

SILVER IDUnique ID of the page ^ᵖ: 9083

333 BCE - 272 BCE Gold 40,749 kg

Description

ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.:	TAPA (Greek).[[Obverse description::(various types) TA[PA] Veiled and diademed head of Hera r., wearing earring and necklace]], [[Obverse description::below chin, dolphin swimming downwards (out of flan). Behind neck, [E]]]
ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.:	TAPANTINΩN (G2, 4-5) (Greek).(vzrious types) Young Taras standing r., raising hands in supplication to Poseidon seated l., leaning forward and holding trident, in field r., thunderbolt / Φ. Below diphros

Mint and issuing power

MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.:

Taras

Ancient regionAncient region.:

Calabria

Modern countryModern country: Italy

AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources:

Chronology

FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.

333 BCE

toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context..

272 BCE

PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic ^{323-30 BC}

Physical description

MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.:

Gold

Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams

8.55

DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.:

stater

StandardStandard.:

Attic

Image

]]S 842 - Taras, gold, stater, 333-272 BC.jpg [1]

References

Die study referencePublication of the study:	"[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Fischer-Bossert 1999, p. 349-367, G1-2, G4-5, G10-11, G15-26, G35-45.
Coin series referenceReference to coin series study:	"[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2HN Italy, n° 901, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3HGC 1, n° 726
Coin series web referenceCoin series web references:	https://greekcoinage.org/iris/id/taras.bossert.1999.g1 https://greekcoinage.org/iris/id/taras.bossert.1999.g2 https://greekcoinage.org/iris/id/taras.bossert.1999.g10

Obverse dies distribution

FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ^ᵖ	Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ^ᵖ (o)	% (o)	Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n)	% (n)	Die nameName(s) of the die(s).
1	4	17.39	4	2.14	16;19;32;39
2	1	4.35	2	1.07	18
3	1	4.35	3	1.6	4
4	3	13.04	12	6.42	17;31;33
5	2	8.7	10	5.35	1;15
6	1	4.35	6	3.21	13
7	1	4.35	7	3.74	22
8	1	4.35	8	4.28	35
10	1	4.35	10	5.35	2;37
11	2	8.7	22	11.76	20;21
13	1	4.35	13	6.95	14
15	1	4.35	15	8.02	36
16	2	8.7	32	17.11	34;38
19	1	4.35	19	10.16	9
24	1	4.35	24	12.83	12
Total	23 of 23	100.03	187 of 187	99.99

Reverse dies distribution

FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ^ᵖ	Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r)	% (r)	Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n)	% (n)	Die nameName(s) of the die(s).
1	4	13.79	4	2.14	19;22;36;45
2	3	10.34	6	3.21	4;21;43
3	1	3.45	3	1.6	23
4	3	10.34	12	6.42	20;35;37
5	2	6.9	10	5.35	1;18
6	2	6.9	12	6.42	11;16
7	2	6.9	14	7.49	26;41
8	3	10.34	24	12.83	24;39;40
10	2	6.9	20	10.7	2;42
11	1	3.45	11	5.88	25
12	1	3.45	12	6.42	5
13	2	6.9	26	13.9	10;17
14	1	3.45	14	7.49	44
15	1	3.45	15	8.02	15
16	1	3.45	16	8.56	38
Total	29 of 29	100.01	199 of 187	106.43

Quantification

Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ^ᵖ (o)	23	Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ^ᵖ
Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r)	29	Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n)	187
Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o)	8.13	Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r)	6.45
Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o)	1.26	Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ^ᵖ	%
Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ^ᵖ	23.83	Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ^ᵖ	476,600
Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ^ᵖ (O)	26.23	Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ^ᵖ	0.00039
Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ^ᵖ (o = % of O)	%	Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ^ᵖ	15,694.5
Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ^ᵖ	40,749 kg <br /> 40,749 kg	Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ^ᵖ	39,236.26

Remarks

Most likely one single workstation Likely military

References

^ Fischer-Bossert, Wolfgang (1999), Chronologie der Didrachmenprägung von Tarent, 510-280 v. Chr., Berlin, De Gruyter, xvii, 495 p., [84] pl.
^ Rutter N. Keith et alii (eds.) (2001), Historia Numorum Italy, London, xvi, 223 p., 43 pl.
^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2018), The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series, Volume 1. Handbook of Coins of Italy and Magna Graecia, Sixth to First Centuries BC., Lancaster-London, 2018, lxi, 527 pages, 23 cm