Taras, gold, staters (333-272 BCE)
From SILVER
333 BCE - 272 BCE Gold 40,749 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | TAPA (Greek).(various types) TA[PA] Veiled and diademed head of Hera r., wearing earring and necklace, below chin, dolphin swimming downwards (out of flan). Behind neck, [E] |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | TAPANTINΩN (G2, 4-5) (Greek).(vzrious types) Young Taras standing r., raising hands in supplication to Poseidon seated l., leaning forward and holding trident, in field r., thunderbolt / Φ. Below diphros |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Taras | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Calabria | Modern countryModern country: Italy | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 333 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 272 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical and Hellenistic |
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Gold 
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 8.55 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | stater
|
StandardStandard.: | Attic |
Image
S 842 - Taras, gold, stater, 333-272 BC.jpg [1]
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | Fischer-Bossert 19991Fischer-Bossert 1999, p. 349-367, G1-2, G4-5, G10-11, G15-26, G35-45. | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | HN Italy2HN Italy, n° 901, HGC 13HGC 1, n° 726 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 4 | 17.39 | 4 | 2.14 | 16;19;32;39 |
| 2 | 1 | 4.35 | 2 | 1.07 | 18 |
| 3 | 1 | 4.35 | 3 | 1.6 | 4 |
| 4 | 3 | 13.04 | 12 | 6.42 | 17;31;33 |
| 5 | 2 | 8.7 | 10 | 5.35 | 1;15 |
| 6 | 1 | 4.35 | 6 | 3.21 | 13 |
| 7 | 1 | 4.35 | 7 | 3.74 | 22 |
| 8 | 1 | 4.35 | 8 | 4.28 | 35 |
| 10 | 1 | 4.35 | 10 | 5.35 | 2;37 |
| 11 | 2 | 8.7 | 22 | 11.76 | 20;21 |
| 13 | 1 | 4.35 | 13 | 6.95 | 14 |
| 15 | 1 | 4.35 | 15 | 8.02 | 36 |
| 16 | 2 | 8.7 | 32 | 17.11 | 34;38 |
| 19 | 1 | 4.35 | 19 | 10.16 | 9 |
| 24 | 1 | 4.35 | 24 | 12.83 | 12 |
| Total | 23 of 23 | 100.03 | 187 of 187 | 99.99 |
Reverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | % (r) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 4 | 13.79 | 4 | 2.14 | 19;22;36;45 |
| 2 | 3 | 10.34 | 6 | 3.21 | 4;21;43 |
| 3 | 1 | 3.45 | 3 | 1.6 | 23 |
| 4 | 3 | 10.34 | 12 | 6.42 | 20;35;37 |
| 5 | 2 | 6.9 | 10 | 5.35 | 1;18 |
| 6 | 2 | 6.9 | 12 | 6.42 | 11;16 |
| 7 | 2 | 6.9 | 14 | 7.49 | 26;41 |
| 8 | 3 | 10.34 | 24 | 12.83 | 24;39;40 |
| 10 | 2 | 6.9 | 20 | 10.7 | 2;42 |
| 11 | 1 | 3.45 | 11 | 5.88 | 25 |
| 12 | 1 | 3.45 | 12 | 6.42 | 5 |
| 13 | 2 | 6.9 | 26 | 13.9 | 10;17 |
| 14 | 1 | 3.45 | 14 | 7.49 | 44 |
| 15 | 1 | 3.45 | 15 | 8.02 | 15 |
| 16 | 1 | 3.45 | 16 | 8.56 | 38 |
| Total | 29 of 29 | 100.01 | 199 of 187 | 106.43 |
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 23 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 29 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 187 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 8.13 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 6.45 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.26 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 23.83 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 476,600 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 26.23 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00039 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | % | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 15,694.5 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 40,749 kg <br /> 40,749 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 39,236.26 |
Remarks
Most likely one single workstation Likely military
References
- ^ Fischer-Bossert, Wolfgang (1999), Chronologie der Didrachmenprägung von Tarent, 510-280 v. Chr., Berlin, De Gruyter, xvii, 495 p., [84] pl.
- ^ Rutter N. Keith et alii (eds.) (2001), Historia Numorum Italy, London, xvi, 223 p., 43 pl.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2018), The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series, Volume 1. Handbook of Coins of Italy and Magna Graecia, Sixth to First Centuries BC., Lancaster-London, 2018, lxi, 527 pages, 23 cm
