Syracuse (Gelon), silver, 8 litrai (Gelon/Nike driving biga) (216-215 BCE)
From SILVER
216 BCE - 215 BCE Silver 4,489 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Diademed head of Gelon left |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | ΣΥΡΑΚΟΣΙΟΙ ΓΕΛΩΝΟΣ (Greek).Nike in trotting biga right, BA above, Φ before |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Syracuse | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Sicily | Modern countryModern country: Italy | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: | Gelon II of Syracuse (king of Syracuse, c. 240-216 BC) |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 216 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 215 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 6.70 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | 8 litrai
|
StandardStandard.: |
Image
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Caccamo Caltabiano - Carroccio - Oteri 1997, p. 189-200, no. 239-284. | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2HGC 2, n° 1561 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 8 | 25 | 8 | 3.38 | 3(D1:E), 7(D1:E), 16(D1:E), 18(D1:E), 20(D1:E), 1(D1:ΣM?), 4(D2:A-AΦ), 2(D2:Φ-MI) |
| 2 | 5 | 15.63 | 10 | 4.22 | 2(D1:E, ), 6(D1:E), 11(D1:E), 12(D1:E), 1(D2:EY) |
| 3 | 4 | 12.5 | 12 | 5.06 | 1(D1:E), 2(D1:Σ), 1(D2:A-AΦ), 3(D2:A-AΦ) |
| 4 | 5 | 15.63 | 20 | 8.44 | 1(D1:E), 8(D1:E), 10(D1:E), 15(D1:E), 1(D2:H-Σ) |
| 6 | 1 | 3.13 | 6 | 2.53 | 2(D2:A-AΦ) |
| 7 | 3 | 9.38 | 21 | 8.86 | 5(D1:E), 13(D1:E), 1(D1: Σ) |
| 8 | 1 | 3.13 | 8 | 3.38 | 14(D1:E) |
| 14 | 1 | 3.13 | 14 | 5.91 | 19(D1:E) |
| 21 | 1 | 3.13 | 21 | 8.86 | 17(D:E) |
| 34 | 1 | 3.13 | 34 | 14.35 | 5(D2:A-AΦ) |
| 35 | 1 | 3.13 | 35 | 14.77 | 9(D1: E) |
| 48 | 1 | 3.13 | 48 | 20.25 | 1(D2:Φ-MI) |
| Total | 32 of 32 | 100.05 | 237 of 237 | 100.01 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 32 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 8 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 38 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 237 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 7.41 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 6.24 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.19 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 25 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 33.5 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 670,000 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 37 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00035 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 96.62% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 14,149.25 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 4,489 kg <br /> 4,489 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 35,373.13 |
Remarks
Likely military
References
- ^ Caccamo Caltabiano, Maria - Carroccio, Benedetto - Oteri, Emilia (1997), Siracusa ellenistica. Le monete ‘regali’ di Ierone II, della sua famiglia e dei Siracusani, Messina, 1997, 255 p., liii pl.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2012), The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series. 2. Handbook of the Coins of Sicily (Including Lipara). Civic, Royal, Siculo-Punic, and Romano-Sicilian Issues. Sixth to First Centuries BC, Lancaster-London, 489 p.
