Syracuse (Gelon), silver, 4 litrai (Gelon/eagle on thunderbolt) (216-215 BCE)
From SILVER
216 BCE - 215 BCE Silver 587 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Diademed head left |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | ΣΥΡΑΚΟΣΙΟΙ ΓΕΛΩΝΟΣ (Greek).Eagle standing right on thunderbolt, K to left, BA to righ |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Syracuse | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Sicily | Modern countryModern country: Italy | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: | Gelon II of Syracuse (king of Syracuse, c. 240-216 BC) |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 216 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 215 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC 
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Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 3.30 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | drachma , 4 litrai
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StandardStandard.: |
Image
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Caccamo Caltabiano - Carroccio - Oteri 1997, p. 200-205, no. 285-298. | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2HGC 2, n° 1563 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 2 | 22.22 | 2 | 1.5 | 3(E1-off.E-K), 3(E2-off.A) |
| 3 | 1 | 11.11 | 3 | 2.26 | 2(E2-off.A) |
| 4 | 1 | 11.11 | 4 | 3.01 | 2(E1-off.E-K) |
| 6 | 1 | 11.11 | 6 | 4.51 | 4(E1-off.E-K) |
| 8 | 1 | 11.11 | 8 | 6.02 | 1(E1-off.A) |
| 23 | 1 | 11.11 | 23 | 17.29 | 5(E2-off.A) |
| 43 | 1 | 11.11 | 43 | 32.33 | 1(E2-off.Φ-MI) |
| 44 | 1 | 11.11 | 44 | 33.08 | 1(E1-off.E-K) |
| Total | 9 of 9 | 99.99 | 133 of 133 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 9 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 2 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 12 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 133 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 14.78 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 11.08 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.33 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 22.22 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 8.89 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 177,800 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 9.65 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00075 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 98.5% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 29,921.26 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 587 kg <br /> 587 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 74,803.15 |
Remarks
Most likely one single workstation
References
- ^ Caccamo Caltabiano, Maria - Carroccio, Benedetto - Oteri, Emilia (1997), Siracusa ellenistica. Le monete ‘regali’ di Ierone II, della sua famiglia e dei Siracusani, Messina, 1997, 255 p., liii pl.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2012), The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series. 2. Handbook of the Coins of Sicily (Including Lipara). Civic, Royal, Siculo-Punic, and Romano-Sicilian Issues. Sixth to First Centuries BC, Lancaster-London, 489 p.
