Syracuse, silver, tetradrachms (two horses/incuse square) (510-490 BCE)
From SILVER
510 BCE - 490 BCE Silver 8,897 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | ΣVPA⚲OΣION (Greek).Horse rider advancing r., holding a second horse, by the reins, on the far side of him |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | Head of the nymph Arethusa l., hair curling back from forehead with dotted parallel lines, within circle sunk at centre of a swastika developed from the quartering of an incuse square |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Syracuse | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Sicily | Modern countryModern country: Italy | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 510 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 490 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Archaic until 480 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 17.15 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | tetradrachm
|
StandardStandard.: | Attic |
Image
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References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Boehringer 1929, p. 110-116, n° 1-31. | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2Sear I, n° 734-735, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3RQEMAC, n° 87, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]4HGC 2, n° 1307 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 5 | 22.73 | 5 | 5.95 | 1, 2, 3, 12, 14 |
| 2 | 2 | 9.09 | 4 | 4.76 | 11, 16 |
| 3 | 7 | 31.82 | 21 | 25 | 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 18, 21 |
| 4 | 2 | 9.09 | 8 | 9.52 | 19, 20 |
| 7 | 3 | 13.64 | 21 | 25 | 6, 13, 22 |
| 8 | 2 | 9.09 | 16 | 19.05 | 15, 17 |
| 9 | 1 | 4.55 | 9 | 10.71 | 8 |
| Total | 22 of 22 | 100.01 | 84 of 84 | 99.99 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 22 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 5 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 15 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 84 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 3.82 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 5.6 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 0.68 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 22.73 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 25.94 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 518,800 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 29.81 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00016 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 94.05% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 6,476.48 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 8,897 kg <br /> 8,897 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 16,191.21 |
Remarks
Most likely one single workstation Likely military
References
- ^ Boehringer, Erich (1929), Die Münzen von Syrakus, Berlin-Leipzig, vi, [2], 297 p. : ill. and portfolio of 32 pl. ; 28 cm
- ^ Sear, David R. (1978), Greek coins and their values. Vol. I, Europe, London, xl, 316 p.
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (2003), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires archaïques et classiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, VII + 267 p.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2012), The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series. 2. Handbook of the Coins of Sicily (Including Lipara). Civic, Royal, Siculo-Punic, and Romano-Sicilian Issues. Sixth to First Centuries BC, Lancaster-London, 489 p.
