Syracuse, silver, tetradrachms (biga/Arethusa) (485-479 BCE)
From SILVER
485 BCE - 479 BCE Silver 50,603 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Slow quadriga driven r. by bearded charioteer, above Nike flying r. to crown horses |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | ΣYPAKOΣION (Greek).SVR - A - KOS - IO - N Head of Arethusa r., wearing pearl headband and pearl necklace, hair tucked up behind headband, four dolphins and legend around |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Syracuse | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Sicily | Modern countryModern country: Italy | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 485 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 479 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 17.15 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | tetradrachm
|
StandardStandard.: | Attic |
Image
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AC 90 - Syracuse, silver, tetradrachms (485-479 BCE).jpg [1]
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | Boehringer 19291Boehringer 1929, p. 124-190, n° 62-95, 102-278, 292-355, 379-391 | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | Boehringer 19291Boehringer 1929, p. 124-190, n° 62-95, 102-278, 292-355, 379-391, Sear I2Sear I, n° 913-914 and 920, RQEMAC3RQEMAC, n° 90, HGC 24HGC 2, n° 1306 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 13 | 9.35 | 13 | 1.41 | 40, 68, 86, 98, 113, 118, 124, 128, 140, 141, 148, 160, 194 |
| 2 | 10 | 7.19 | 20 | 2.16 | 39, 77, 83, 101, 105, 123, 127, 154, 161, 197 |
| 3 | 11 | 7.91 | 33 | 3.57 | 52, 57, 79, 99, 107, 122, 129, 144, 153, 157, 173 |
| 4 | 14 | 10.07 | 56 | 6.06 | 43, 59, 63, 89, 109, 112, 117, 142, 146, 149, 150, 167, 172, 174 |
| 5 | 14 | 10.07 | 70 | 7.58 | 34, 38, 42, 69, 78, 92, 103, 114, 119, 125, 155, 165, 171, 175 |
| 6 | 18 | 12.95 | 108 | 11.69 | 33, 51, 54, 70, 71, 74, 84, 85, 91, 104, 111, 116, 120, 126, 139, 145, 159, 176 |
| 7 | 9 | 6.47 | 63 | 6.82 | 64, 66, 75, 81, 88, 90, 108, 158, 169 |
| 8 | 13 | 9.35 | 104 | 11.26 | 37, 41, 44, 48, 55, 56, 61, 62, 80, 94, 143, 147, 170 |
| 9 | 7 | 5.04 | 63 | 6.82 | 50, 58, 67, 115, 152, 163, 168 |
| 10 | 7 | 5.04 | 70 | 7.58 | 49, 53, 60, 76, 100, 106, 121 |
| 11 | 8 | 5.76 | 88 | 9.52 | 45, 72, 82, 93, 102, 110, 195, 198 |
| 12 | 3 | 2.16 | 36 | 3.9 | 65, 73, 156 |
| 13 | 3 | 2.16 | 39 | 4.22 | 47, 164, 166 |
| 14 | 1 | 0.72 | 14 | 1.52 | 87 |
| 15 | 3 | 2.16 | 45 | 4.87 | 35, 162, 196 |
| 16 | 1 | 0.72 | 16 | 1.73 | 151 |
| 17 | 1 | 0.72 | 17 | 1.84 | 95 |
| 19 | 1 | 0.72 | 19 | 2.06 | 97 |
| 22 | 1 | 0.72 | 22 | 2.38 | 36 |
| 28 | 1 | 0.72 | 28 | 3.03 | 32 |
| Total | 139 of 139 | 100 | 924 of 924 | 100.02 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 139 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 13 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 203 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 924 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 6.65 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 4.55 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.46 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 9.35 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 147.53 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 2,950,600 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 163.61 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00031 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 98.59% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 12,526.27 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 50,603 kg <br /> 50,603 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 31,315.66 |
Remarks
Likely military
References
- a b Boehringer, Erich (1929), Die Münzen von Syrakus, Berlin-Leipzig, vi, [2], 297 p. : ill. and portfolio of 32 pl. ; 28 cm
- ^ Sear, David R. (1978), Greek coins and their values. Vol. I, Europe, London, xl, 316 p.
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (2003), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires archaïques et classiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, VII + 267 p.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2012), The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series. 2. Handbook of the Coins of Sicily (Including Lipara). Civic, Royal, Siculo-Punic, and Romano-Sicilian Issues. Sixth to First Centuries BC, Lancaster-London, 489 p.
