Syracuse, gold, 100 litrai (Arethusa/Heracles) (405-400 BCE)
From SILVER
405 BCE - 400 BCE Gold 30,427 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | ΣYPAKOΣIΩN (Greek).Head of the nymph Arethusa l., wearing necklace, bar and triple-pendant earring, hair elaborately waved and caught up behind in sakkos ornamented with stars. Behind head, barley grain |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | ΣYPAKOΣIΩN (Greek).Naked young Heracles kneeling r. on rocky ground, head to front, strangling Nemean lion with both arms, on the strip of ground, barley grain |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Syracuse | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Sicily | Modern countryModern country: Italy | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 405 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 400 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Gold
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 5.80 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | 100 litrai
|
StandardStandard.: |
Image
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AC 96 - Syracuse, gold, 100 litrai (405-400 BCE).jpg [1]
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | Bérend 19931Bérend 1993 | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | Sear I2Sear I, n° 950, RQEMAC3RQEMAC, n° 96, HGC 24HGC 2, n° 1288 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 6 | 23.08 | 6 | 2.13 | 3, 9, 12, 19, 21, 26 |
| 2 | 2 | 7.69 | 4 | 1.42 | 14, 18 |
| 3 | 1 | 3.85 | 3 | 1.06 | 6 |
| 4 | 2 | 7.69 | 8 | 2.84 | 4, 16 |
| 5 | 1 | 3.85 | 5 | 1.77 | 5 |
| 7 | 2 | 7.69 | 14 | 4.96 | 10, 20 |
| 8 | 1 | 3.85 | 8 | 2.84 | 23 |
| 9 | 2 | 7.69 | 18 | 6.38 | 2, 7 |
| 11 | 1 | 3.85 | 11 | 3.9 | 25 |
| 13 | 1 | 3.85 | 13 | 4.61 | 1 |
| 16 | 1 | 3.85 | 16 | 5.67 | 17 |
| 17 | 2 | 7.69 | 34 | 12.06 | 8, 24 |
| 29 | 1 | 3.85 | 29 | 10.28 | 22 |
| 34 | 1 | 3.85 | 34 | 12.06 | 13 |
| 37 | 1 | 3.85 | 37 | 13.12 | 11 |
| 42 | 1 | 3.85 | 42 | 14.89 | 15 |
| Total | 26 of 26 | 100.03 | 282 of 282 | 99.99 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 26 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 6 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 23 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 282 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 10.85 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 12.26 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 0.88 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 23.08 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 26.23 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 524,600 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 28.64 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00054 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 97.87% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 21,502.1 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 30,427 kg <br /> 30,427 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 53,755.24 |
Remarks
Most likely one single workstation Likely military
References
- ^ Berend, Denyse (1993), "Le monnayage d’or de syracuse sous Denys I", in La monetazione dell’età dionigiana, Atti dell’VIII convegno del Centro Internazionale di Studi Numismatici, Napoli 29 maggio-1 giugno 1983, Rome, p. 91-143, pl. 4-11.
- ^ Sear, David R. (1978), Greek coins and their values. Vol. I, Europe, London, xl, 316 p.
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (2003), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires archaïques et classiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, VII + 267 p.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2012), The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series. 2. Handbook of the Coins of Sicily (Including Lipara). Civic, Royal, Siculo-Punic, and Romano-Sicilian Issues. Sixth to First Centuries BC, Lancaster-London, 489 p.
