Sardis, bronze (5.5g) (Heracles/canthar, club or Apollo) (133-30 BCE)
From SILVER
133 BCE - 30 BCE Bronze
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Laureate head of Herakles right wearing lion skin around neck. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | ΣΑΡΔΙΑΝΩΝ (Greek).Apollo standing left, holding crow and laurel branch, CΩ in left field, all within laurel wreath. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Sardis | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Lydia | Modern countryModern country: Turkey | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 133 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 30 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC 
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Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Bronze
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 5.5 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | StandardStandard.: |
Image
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Hochard 2020, p. 360-6, Group 9, n° 1834-1859 | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | |||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 8 | 29.63 | 8 | 5.06 | 53, 54, 56, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74 |
| 2 | 3 | 11.11 | 6 | 3.8 | 64, 73, 75 |
| 3 | 2 | 7.41 | 6 | 3.8 | 58, 63 |
| 4 | 2 | 7.41 | 8 | 5.06 | 52, 57 |
| 5 | 3 | 11.11 | 15 | 9.49 | 60, 66, 76 |
| 7 | 1 | 3.7 | 7 | 4.43 | 55 |
| 8 | 1 | 3.7 | 8 | 5.06 | 61 |
| 9 | 1 | 3.7 | 9 | 5.7 | 59 |
| 10 | 1 | 3.7 | 10 | 6.33 | 64 |
| 11 | 2 | 7.41 | 22 | 13.92 | 51, 65 |
| 12 | 1 | 3.7 | 12 | 7.59 | 69 |
| 22 | 1 | 3.7 | 22 | 13.92 | 62 |
| 25 | 1 | 3.7 | 25 | 15.82 | 67 |
| Total | 27 of 27 | 99.98 | 158 of 158 | 99.98 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 27 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 8 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 74 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 158 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 5.85 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 2.14 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 2.74 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 29.63 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 29.19 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 583,800 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 32.56 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00027 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 94.94% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 10,825.63 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | n.a. | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 27,064.06 |
Remarks
References
- ^ Hochard, Pierre-Olivier (2020), Lydie, terre d'empire(s): Etude de numismatique et d'histoire (228 a.C.-268 p.C.), 2 vol., Bordeaux, 2020, 1325 p.
