S 879 - Punjab (uncertain mint) (Menander), bronze, units (165-130 BCE)
From SILVER
165 BCE - 130 BCE Bronze
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ MENANΔΡΟΥ (Greek).Several types: 1) Bust of Athena left or right, wearing helmet (no. 1777 et 1970-1971), 2) Head of elephant right with bell around neck (no. 1873-1944). |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | Maharajasa tratarasa Menamdrasa (transcription from Kharoshthi).Several types : 1) Nike three quarter right, holding wreath and palm. In field, a monogram (no .1777 et 1970-1971), 2) Club. In field, a letter (and a monogram) (no. 1873-1944). |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Punjab (uncertain mint) | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Bactria | Modern countryModern country: India | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: | Menander I Soter (Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek king, 165/155 -130 BC), Indo-Greek kingdom |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 165 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 130 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Bronze
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 2.75 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | unit
|
StandardStandard.: |
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Ol. Bordeaux, Les Grecs en Inde. Politiques et pratiques monétaires (IIIe s. a.C.-Ier s. p.C.), Numismatica Antiqua 8, Bordeaux, 2018 (catalogue p. 246-256, no. 1777, 1790, 1873-1944, 1970-1971). | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 48 | 78.69 | 48 | 63.16 | |
| 2 | 12 | 19.67 | 24 | 31.58 | |
| 4 | 1 | 1.64 | 4 | 5.26 | |
| Total | 61 of 61 | 100 | 76 of 76 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 61 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 48 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 69 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 76 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 1.25 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.1 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.13 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 78.69 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 240.87 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 4,817,400 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 309.07 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00002 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 36.84% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 631.05 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | n.a. | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 1,577.61 |
Remarks
References
- ^ Ol. Bordeaux
