S 876 - Punjab (uncertain mint) (Menander), bronze, 4 units (165-130 BCE)
From SILVER
165 BCE - 130 BCE Bronze
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ MENANΔΡΟΥ (Greek).Several types: 1) Bust of Athena right, wearing helmet (no. 1713-1742), 2) Bust of Menander three quarter left, wearing diadem, aegis on shoulder, brandishing spear (no. 1791-1806), 3) Elephant left or right (no. 1861-1866). |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | Maharajasa tratarasa Menamdrasa (transcription from Kharoshthi).Several types : 1) Owl right, head facing. In field, a monogram (no. 1713-1717), 2) Shield with head of Gorgon. In field, a monogram (no. 1718-1742), 3) Athena Alkidemos right, holding aegis and brandishing spear. In field, a monogram (no. 1791-1805), 4) Nike right, holding wreath and palm. In field, a monogram (no. 1806), 5) Mahout sting. In field, (a letter and) a monogram (no. 1861-1866). |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Punjab (uncertain mint) | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Bactria | Modern countryModern country: India | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: | Menander I Soter (Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek king, 165/155 -130 BC), Indo-Greek kingdom |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 165 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 130 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC 
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Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Bronze
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 9.80 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | 4 units
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StandardStandard.: |
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Bordeaux 2018, p. 243-252, n° 1713-1742, 1791-1806, 1861-1866 | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 24 | 75 | 24 | 46.15 | |
| 2 | 3 | 9.38 | 6 | 11.54 | |
| 3 | 1 | 3.13 | 3 | 5.77 | |
| 4 | 2 | 6.25 | 8 | 15.38 | |
| 5 | 1 | 3.13 | 5 | 9.62 | |
| 6 | 1 | 3.13 | 6 | 11.54 | |
| Total | 32 of 32 | 100.02 | 52 of 52 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 32 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 24 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 43 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 52 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 1.63 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.21 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.34 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 75 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 67.03 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 1,340,600 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 83.2 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00004 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 53.85% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 1,551.54 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | n.a. | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 3,878.86 |
Remarks
References
- ^ Bordeaux, Olivier (2018), s (IIIe s. a.C.-Ier s. p.C.), Numismatica Antiqua 8, Bordeaux, 326 p.
