S 446 - Messene, bronze, chalkoi (150-100 BCE)
From SILVER
150 BCE - 100 BCE Bronze
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Head of Zeus right, wearing laurel wreath. Border of dots. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | ME (Greek).Tripod within circle. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Messene | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Peloponnesus | Modern countryModern country: Greece | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 150 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 100 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Bronze
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 1.80 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | chalkous
|
StandardStandard.: |
Image
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S_446_-_Messene,_bronze,_chalkoi_(150-100_BCE).png [1]
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | Grandjean 20031Grandjean 2003, series XIII. | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 15 | 57.69 | 15 | 23.08 | 363, 364, 367, 368, 369, 371, 372, 377, 379, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386 |
| 2 | 4 | 15.38 | 8 | 12.31 | 361, 365, 366, 370 |
| 3 | 2 | 7.69 | 6 | 9.23 | 362, 376 |
| 4 | 1 | 3.85 | 4 | 6.15 | 374 |
| 5 | 2 | 7.69 | 10 | 15.38 | 373, 380 |
| 7 | 1 | 3.85 | 7 | 10.77 | 375 |
| 15 | 1 | 3.85 | 15 | 23.08 | 378 |
| Total | 26 of 26 | 100 | 65 of 65 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 26 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 15 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 35 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 65 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 2.5 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.86 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.35 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 57.69 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 36.23 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 724,600 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 43.33 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00009 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 76.92% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 3,588.19 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | n.a. | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 8,970.47 |
Remarks
References
- ^ C. Grandjean, Les Messéniens de 370/369 au 1er siècle de notre ère. Monnayages et histoire, Athens, 2003
