S 444 - Messene, bronze, hemiobols (191-50 BCE)
From SILVER
191 BCE - 50 BCE Bronze
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Head of Demeter or Artemis right, wearing ear and leaves wreath or stephane. Border of dots. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | ME and ΔEΞIAΣ (Greek).Zeus Ithomatas right, naked, holding thunderbolt in right hand and spear in left hand, eagle standing on left arm. In the field, tripod, and/or wreath and letters or name. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Messene | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Peloponnesus | Modern countryModern country: Greece | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 191 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 50 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Bronze
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 5.80 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | hemiobol
|
StandardStandard.: |
Image
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S_444_-_Messene,_bronze,_hemiobols_(191-50_BCE).png [1]
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | Grandjean 20031Grandjean 2003, series XI. | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 68 | 40.48 | 68 | 13.47 | D137, D138, D141, D147, D151, D152, D161, D164, D168, D171, D172, D173, D174, D176, D177, D178, D179, D180, D181, D182, D183, D184, D186, D187, D188, D189, D190, D193, D195, D196, D198, D208, D214, D220, D227, D240, D241, D245, D248, D252, D254, D255, D256, D258, D260, D261, D265, D267, D268, D269, D270, D272, D273, D274, D278, D279, D280, D282, D284, D285, D287, D293, D296, D297, D300, D302, D303, D304 |
| 2 | 37 | 22.02 | 74 | 14.65 | 140, 148, 149, 153, 155, 159, 160, 166, 170, 175, 185, 192, 194, 197, 202, 213, 228, 229, 231, 237, 239, 243, 244, 249, 250, 251, 253, 257, 259, 262, 263, 264, 266, 283, 286, 290, 301 |
| 3 | 26 | 15.48 | 78 | 15.45 | 139, 143, 150, 154, 156, 158, 162, 163, 165, 167, 169, 200, 206, 212, 216, 217, 219, 221, 223, 233, 235, 238, 271, 294, 298, 299 |
| 4 | 15 | 8.93 | 60 | 11.88 | 142, 144, 157, 199, 201, 203, 204, 207, 226, 230, 242, 247, 275, 276, 277 |
| 5 | 6 | 3.57 | 30 | 5.94 | 191, 209, 215, 224, 234, 246 |
| 6 | 4 | 2.38 | 24 | 4.75 | 218, 222, 236, 281 |
| 7 | 3 | 1.79 | 21 | 4.16 | 146, 232, 289 |
| 8 | 2 | 1.19 | 16 | 3.17 | 210, 295 |
| 9 | 3 | 1.79 | 27 | 5.35 | |
| 10 | 1 | 0.6 | 10 | 1.98 | 291 |
| 11 | 1 | 0.6 | 11 | 2.18 | 145 |
| 12 | 1 | 0.6 | 12 | 2.38 | 288 |
| 25 | 1 | 0.6 | 25 | 4.95 | 292 |
| Total | 168 of 168 | 100.03 | 456 of 505 | 90.31 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 168 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 68 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 308 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 505 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 3.01 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.64 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.83 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 40.48 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 213.05 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 4,261,000 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 251.75 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00012 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 86.53% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 4,740.67 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | n.a. | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 11,851.68 |
Remarks
References
- ^ C. Grandjean, Les Messéniens de 370/369 au 1er siècle de notre ère. Monnayages et histoire, Athens, 2003
