S 1721 - Theodosia, bronze (head of bull/six rays star) (375-360 BCE)
From SILVER
375 BCE - 360 BCE Bronze
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Head of bull right |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | ΘEOΔO (Greek).Six pointed star |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Theodosia | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Bosporus | Modern countryModern country: Russia (Crimea) | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 375 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 360 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Bronze
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 0.70 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | chalkous
|
StandardStandard.: |
Image
S1721 Theodosia bronze bull star.jpg [1]
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | Frolova 20041Frolova 2004, p. 49, n° 8-10 (Typ V), Kovalenko - Molchanov 20052Kovalenko - Molchanov 2005, p. 20-21 (Series I: chalkoi) | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | HGC 73HGC 7, n° 184 | ||
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 8 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 7 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 10 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 10 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 1.25 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.25 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 87.5 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 31.2 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 624,000 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 40 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00002 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 30% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 641.03 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | n.a. | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 1,602.56 |
Remarks
Most likely one single workstation
References
- ^ Frolova, Nina A. (2004), Die frühe Münzprägung vom Kimmerischen Bosporos (Mitte 6. Bis Anfang 4. Jh.v.Chr.). Die Münzen der Städte Pantikapaion, Theodosia, Nymphaion und Phanagoria sowie der Sinder, Berlin, 96 p., 33 pl.
- ^ Kovalenko, Sergei A. - Molchanov, Arcady A. (2005), "The coinage of Theodosia in the 5th-4th centuries BC", Numismatic Chronicle, 165, p. 15-22, pl. 2
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2012), Handbook of Greek Coinages. 7. Coins of northern and Central Anatolia - Pontos, Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Phrygia, Galatia, lykaonia, and Kappadokia (with Kolchis and the Kimmerian bosporos), Lancaster, lxxxii, 352 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.
