S 1368 - Ecbatana (Orodes II), bronze (57-38 BCE)
From SILVER
57 BCE - 38 BCE Bronze
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Bust of the king left, wearing diadem (crowned by Nike/an eagle). (In the field, star(s) and/or crescent.) (Border of dots.) |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | Several legends: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΑΡΣΑΚΟΥ ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΟΡΟΣ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΦΙΛΕΛΛΗΝΟΣ (series I) ; ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΑΡΣΑΚΟΥ ΕΥΕΡΓΕΤΟΥ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΦΙΛΕΛΛΗΝΟΣ (series III-XI, XIII-XVIII, XX, XXII-XXIV) ; ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΑΡΣΑΚΟΥ ΘΕΟΠΑΤΟΡΟΣ ΕΥΕΡΓΕΤΟΥ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΦΙΛΕΛΛΗΝΟΣ (series XII) ; ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΑΡΣΑΚΟΥ ΕΥΕΡΓΕΤΟΥ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΦΙΛΕΛΛΗΝΟΣ (series XXI) (Greek).Several types: 1) Eagle right, wings open or closed. (In the field, A) (series I, XIV-XV, XVII), 2) Head of bull facing. Between horns, star. In the field, crescent with star and A (series II), 3) Pegasus right. Under him, A (series III), 4) Horse protome right. In the field, A (series IV), 5) Quiver. In the field, A (series V, XVI), 6) deer right. In the field, monogram and A (series VI), 7) deer protomea right. In the field, monogram and A (series VII), 8) Horse right (nexte to a palm tree). In the field, A (series VIII-IX), 9) Ear of cereal. In the field, Ψ above A (series X), 10) Crescent with star. In the field, A (series XI), 11) Tyche right, holding crown (series XII), 12) Bust of Tyche right. In the right field, A (series XIII), 13) Nike right, holding crown. In the field, A (series XVIII), 14) Monogram. In the field, A (issue XIX), 15) Head of Tyche right. In the field, A (series XX), 16) Ancor. In the field, crescents and A (series XXI), 17) Star. In the field, A (series XXII), 18) deer right, grazing. Above, eagle. In the field, A (series XXIII), 19) Eagle standing on amphora between bunches of grapes. In the field, A (series XXIV). |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Ecbatana | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Media | Modern countryModern country: Iran | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: | Orodes II (king of Parthia, 57-37 BCE), Parthian Empire |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 57 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 38 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC 
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Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Bronze
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DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | StandardStandard.: |
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Boillet 2009, p. 357-412, no. 1891-2454. | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 12 | 63.16 | 12 | 33.33 | 1.1, 1.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.4, 6.6, 6.8, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.6, 13.1 |
| 2 | 3 | 15.79 | 6 | 16.67 | 6.2, 12.5, 13.2 |
| 3 | 2 | 10.53 | 6 | 16.67 | 6.5, 6.7 |
| 5 | 1 | 5.26 | 5 | 13.89 | 6.1 |
| 7 | 1 | 5.26 | 7 | 19.44 | 6.3 |
| Total | 19 of 19 | 100 | 36 of 36 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 19 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 12 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 36 | |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 1.89 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 63.16 % | |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 32.63 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 652,600 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 40.24 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00006 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 66.67% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 2,206.56 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | n.a. | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 5,516.4 |
Remarks
References
- ^ Boillet, Pierre-Yves (2009), Ecbatane et la Médie d’Alexandre aux Arsacides (c. 331 a.C. - c. 224 p.C.). Histoire monétaire et économique, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Bordeaux University.
