Pharnaceia (Mithridates Eupator), bronze (8g) (Zeus/eagle) (72-69 BCE)
From SILVER
72 BCE - 69 BCE Bronze
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Laureate head of Zeus to right. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | ΦAPNAKEIAΣ (Greek).agle standing left on thunderbolt, head turned back to right, to left, monogram |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Pharnaceia | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Pontus | Modern countryModern country: Turkey | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: | Mithridates VI Eupator (king of the Pontic kingdom, c. 120-63 BC), Pontic kingdom |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 72 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 69 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC 
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Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Bronze
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DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | StandardStandard.: |
Image
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Callataÿ (to appear) | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2SNG BM Black Sea, n° 1274-9, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3HGC 7, n° 295-7 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 9 | 40.91 | 9 | 6.34 | 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 21, 22 |
| 2 | 2 | 9.09 | 4 | 2.82 | 4, 14 |
| 3 | 1 | 4.55 | 3 | 2.11 | 7 |
| 4 | 2 | 9.09 | 8 | 5.63 | 2, 15 |
| 5 | 2 | 9.09 | 10 | 7.04 | 1, 20 |
| 7 | 1 | 4.55 | 7 | 4.93 | 18 |
| 10 | 1 | 4.55 | 10 | 7.04 | 5 |
| 11 | 1 | 4.55 | 11 | 7.75 | 16 |
| 16 | 1 | 4.55 | 16 | 11.27 | 19 |
| 17 | 1 | 4.55 | 17 | 11.97 | 3 |
| 47 | 1 | 4.55 | 47 | 33.1 | 6 |
| Total | 22 of 22 | 100.03 | 142 of 142 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 22 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 9 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 54 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 142 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 6.45 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 2.63 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 2.45 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 40.91 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 23.44 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 468,800 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 26.03 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00030 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 93.66% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 12,116.04 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | n.a. | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 30,290.1 |
Remarks
Likely military
References
- ^ Callataÿ (to appear)
- ^ Price, Martin J. (1993), Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Great Britain, Volume IX, British Museum, Part 1: The Black Sea, London, [132] p. : ill. ; 31 cm.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2012), Handbook of Greek Coinages. 7. Coins of northern and Central Anatolia - Pontos, Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Phrygia, Galatia, lykaonia, and Kappadokia (with Kolchis and the Kimmerian bosporos), Lancaster, lxxxii, 352 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.
