Pergamum (types of Alexander the Great), silver, tetradrachms (Heracles/Zeus) (202-188 BCE) Kleiner
From SILVER
202 BCE - 188 BCE Silver 4,188 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Head of Heracles right, wearing Nemean lion skin headdress. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | AΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ (Greek).AΛEΞANΔPOY, Zeus seated left, holding eagle and scepter, in left field, monogram above bee. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Pergamum | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Mysia | Modern countryModern country: Turkey | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: | Alexander III the Great (Argead king, 336-323 BC) |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 202 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 188 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 16.90 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | tetradrachm
|
StandardStandard.: | Attic |
Image
H211 Alexander tetradrachm.jpeg [1]
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | Kleiner 19711Kleiner 1971, p. 95-125, pl. 21-34. | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | Sear II2Sear II, n° 6713-6725, Price 19913Price 1991, n° 1480-1483, RQEMH4RQEMH, n° 211 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 3 | 33.33 | 3 | 13.04 | O, Q, T |
| 2 | 3 | 33.33 | 6 | 26.09 | M, P, R |
| 3 | 1 | 11.11 | 3 | 13.04 | L |
| 5 | 1 | 11.11 | 5 | 21.74 | N |
| 6 | 1 | 11.11 | 6 | 26.09 | S |
| Total | 9 of 9 | 99.99 | 23 of 23 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 9 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 3 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 23 | |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 2.56 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 33.33 % | |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 12.39 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 247,800 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 14.79 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00009 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 86.96% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 3,712.67 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 4,188 kg <br /> 4,188 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 9,281.68 |
Remarks
Most likely one single workstation Likely military The Groups I-VIII (dies A-K) have been redated earlier by Ellis-Evans 2024.
References
- ^ Kleiner, Fred S. (1971), "The Alexander Tetradrachms of Pergamum and Rhodes", American Numismatic Society. Museum Notes, 17, p. 95-125, pl. 21-34.
- ^ Sear, David R. (1979), Greek coins and their values. Vol. II, Asia and North Africa, London, xlviii, p. 317-762
- ^ Price, Martin Jessop (1991), The Coinage in the Name of Alexander the Great and Philip Arrhidaeus: a British Museum Catalogue, 2 vol., Zürich-London, 637 p., 637 p., clix pl.
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (1997), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires hellénistiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, X + 341 p.
