Pergamum (Eumenes I), silver, tetradrachms (263-241 BCE)
From SILVER
263 BCE - 241 BCE Silver 11,136 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Diademed head of Philetairos to right. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | ΦΙΛΕΤΑΙPΟY (Greek).Athena seated left, holding a shield adorned with a gorgoneion with her right hand and with her left a spear held downwards over her left shoulder, resting her left elbow on a sphinx, to left, below her arm, ivy leaf, on the throne, A, to right, bow. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Pergamum | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Mysia | Modern countryModern country: Turkey | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: | Attalid Kingdom, Eumenes I of Pergamum (Attalid king, 263-241 BC) |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 263 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 241 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 17.10 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | tetradrachm
|
StandardStandard.: | Attic |
Image
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Westermark 1960 | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2Sear II, n° 7217-7218, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3RQEMH, n° 208 | ||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 1 | 3.45 | 1 | 0.73 | 26 |
| 2 | 6 | 20.69 | 12 | 8.76 | 6, 8, 10, 15, 23, 29 |
| 3 | 6 | 20.69 | 18 | 13.14 | 4, 5, 16, 17, 20, 21 |
| 4 | 4 | 13.79 | 16 | 11.68 | 12, 14, 27, 28 |
| 5 | 3 | 10.34 | 15 | 10.95 | 2, 11, 22 |
| 6 | 4 | 13.79 | 24 | 17.52 | 1, 3, 7, 18 |
| 7 | 1 | 3.45 | 7 | 5.11 | 19 |
| 9 | 1 | 3.45 | 9 | 6.57 | 25 |
| 11 | 1 | 3.45 | 11 | 8.03 | 13 |
| 12 | 2 | 6.9 | 24 | 17.52 | 9, 24 |
| Total | 29 of 29 | 100 | 137 of 137 | 100.01 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 29 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 1 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 103 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 137 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 4.72 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.33 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 3.55 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 3.45 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 32.56 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 651,200 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 36.79 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00021 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 99.27% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 8,415.23 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 11,136 kg <br /> 11,136 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 21,038.08 |
Remarks
Most likely one single workstation
References
- ^ Westermark, Ulla (1960), Das Bildnis des Philetairos von Pergamon. Corpus der Münzprägung, Stockholm.
- ^ Sear, David R. (1979), Greek coins and their values. Vol. II, Asia and North Africa, London, xlviii, p. 317-762
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (1997), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires hellénistiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, X + 341 p.
