Pergamum, silver, cistophori (166-123 BCE) Carbone
From SILVER
166 BCE - 128 BCE Silver 32,713 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Serpent emerging from cista mystica, all within ivy wreath |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | (Greek).Two serpents entwined around bow and quiver, around three monograms |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Pergamum | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Mysia | Modern countryModern country: Turkey | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: | Attalid Kingdom |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 166 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 128 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 12.70 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | cistophorus
|
StandardStandard.: | Cistophoric |
Image
H212 Pergamum cistophorus.jpg [1]
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | Carbone 20201Carbone 2020, p. 49-54 | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | Sear II2Sear II, n° 3944-3946, RQEMH3RQEMH, n° 212 | ||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 44 | 73.33 | 44 | 45.83 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 37, 39, 43 |
| 2 | 9 | 15 | 18 | 18.75 | 10, 24, 31, 33, 34, 36, 42, 44, 50 |
| 3 | 2 | 3.33 | 6 | 6.25 | 21, 40 |
| 4 | 2 | 3.33 | 8 | 8.33 | 35, 38 |
| 6 | 1 | 1.67 | 6 | 6.25 | 45 |
| 7 | 2 | 3.33 | 14 | 14.58 | 41, 47 |
| Total | 60 of 60 | 99.99 | 96 of 96 | 99.99 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 60 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 44 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 79 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 96 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 1.6 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.22 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.32 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 73.33 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 128.79 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 2,575,800 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 160 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00004 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 54.17% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 1,490.8 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 32,713 kg <br /> 32,713 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 3,727 |
Remarks
Most likely one single workstation
References
- ^ Carbone, Lucia Francesca (2020), Hidden Power. Late Cistophoric Production and the Organization of Provincia Asia (128-89 BC), Numismatic Studies 42, New York, 266 p., 140 pl.
- ^ Sear, David R. (1979), Greek coins and their values. Vol. II, Asia and North Africa, London, xlviii, p. 317-762
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (1997), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires hellénistiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, X + 341 p.
