Messana, silver, tetradrachms (charioteer driving biga/springing hare) (480-461 BCE)
From SILVER
480 BCE - 461 BCE Silver 48,049 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Seated charioteer, holding reins with both hands, driving mule biga to right, bay leaf in exergue |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | MESSENION (Greek).Hare springing to right, MEƧƧE-N-ION (anticlockwise) around |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Messana | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Sicily | Modern countryModern country: Italy | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 480 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 461 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 17.30 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | tetradrachm
|
StandardStandard.: | Attic |
Image
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References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Caccamo Caltabiano 1993, n° 27-38, 46-84 et 86-226. | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2Sear I, n° 842, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3RQEMAC, n° 65, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]4HGC 2, n° 779 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 31 | 26.05 | 31 | 6.55 | 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 37, 44, 46, 48, 51, 58, 63, 73, 74, 78, 82, 84, 85, 86, 91, 94, 101, 106, 112, 117, 122, 124, 125, 126, 130 |
| 2 | 19 | 15.97 | 38 | 8.03 | 10, 11, 23, 26, 35, 38, 61, 65, 67, 69, 70, 77, 81, 87, 88, 92, 93, 111, 120 |
| 3 | 16 | 13.45 | 48 | 10.15 | 16, 25, 28, 34, 52, 55, 60, 62, 95, 104, 105, 107, 110, 115, 119, 120 |
| 4 | 14 | 11.76 | 56 | 11.84 | 31, 33, 40, 57, 66, 72, 75, 76, 99, 102, 108, 113, 118, 123 |
| 5 | 7 | 5.88 | 35 | 7.4 | 12, 29, 64, 71, 79, 90, 109 |
| 6 | 7 | 5.88 | 42 | 8.88 | 47, 49, 56, 68, 83, 100, 116 |
| 7 | 6 | 5.04 | 42 | 8.88 | 22, 27, 43, 59, 103, 129 |
| 8 | 10 | 8.4 | 80 | 16.91 | 24, 36, 50, 53, 54, 80, 96, 98, 114, 128 |
| 10 | 3 | 2.52 | 30 | 6.34 | 39, 42, 89 |
| 13 | 1 | 0.84 | 13 | 2.75 | 30 |
| 14 | 1 | 0.84 | 14 | 2.96 | 32 |
| 17 | 1 | 0.84 | 17 | 3.59 | 41 |
| 9 | 3 | 2.52 | 27 | 5.71 | 45, 97, 121 |
| Total | 119 of 119 | 99.99 | 473 of 473 | 99.99 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 119 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 31 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 107 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 473 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 3.97 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 4.42 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 0.9 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 26.05 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 138.87 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 2,777,400 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 159 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00017 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 93.45% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 6,812.13 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 48,049 kg <br /> 48,049 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 17,030.32 |
Remarks
Most likely two workstations Likely military
References
- ^ Caccamo Caltabiano, Maria (1993), La monetazione di Messana. Con le emissioni di Rhegion dell’eta della tirannide, AMUGS XIII, Berlin-New York, xviii, 383 p., 94 pl.
- ^ Sear, David R. (1978), Greek coins and their values. Vol. I, Europe, London, xl, 316 p.
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (2003), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires archaïques et classiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, VII + 267 p.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2012), The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series. 2. Handbook of the Coins of Sicily (Including Lipara). Civic, Royal, Siculo-Punic, and Romano-Sicilian Issues. Sixth to First Centuries BC, Lancaster-London, 489 p.
