Messana, silver, tetradrachms (biga/hare) (425-396 BCE)
From SILVER
425 BCE - 396 BCE Silver 9,900 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Biga of mules driven r. by charioteer, holding reins and kentron, above, Nike walking r. to crown the mules. In exergue, olive twig with berry. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | MEΣΣANION (Greek).Hare springing r., below, dolphin swimming r. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Messana | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Sicily | Modern countryModern country: Italy | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 425 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 396 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 17.20 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | tetradrachm
|
StandardStandard.: |
Image
AC 68 - Zancle, silver, tetradrachm, 425-396 BC.jpg [1]
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | Caccamo Caltabiano 19931Caccamo Caltabiano 1993, n° 479-500, 508-42 et 599-630. | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | Sear I2Sear I, n° 852-854, RQEMAC3RQEMAC, n° 68, HGC 24HGC 2, n° 792 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 1 | 3.33 | 1 | 0.11 | 216 |
| 2 | 3 | 10 | 6 | 0.63 | 198, 203, 214 |
| 3 | 1 | 3.33 | 3 | 0.32 | 211 |
| 4 | 1 | 3.33 | 4 | 0.42 | 225 |
| 6 | 1 | 3.33 | 6 | 0.63 | 221 |
| 8 | 2 | 6.67 | 16 | 1.68 | 204, 222 |
| 9 | 1 | 3.33 | 9 | 0.95 | 213 |
| 17 | 2 | 6.67 | 34 | 3.58 | 197, 209 |
| 21 | 1 | 3.33 | 21 | 2.21 | 212 |
| 25 | 1 | 3.33 | 25 | 2.63 | 200 |
| 30 | 1 | 3.33 | 30 | 3.16 | 196 |
| 35 | 2 | 6.67 | 70 | 7.37 | 210, 214 |
| 36 | 1 | 3.33 | 36 | 3.79 | 207 |
| 37 | 1 | 3.33 | 37 | 3.89 | 206 |
| 39 | 2 | 6.67 | 78 | 8.21 | 208, 215 |
| 48 | 2 | 6.67 | 96 | 10.11 | 217, 219 |
| 50 | 1 | 3.33 | 50 | 5.26 | 223 |
| 55 | 1 | 3.33 | 55 | 5.79 | 220 |
| 56 | 1 | 3.33 | 56 | 5.89 | 201 |
| 67 | 1 | 3.33 | 67 | 7.05 | 218 |
| 74 | 1 | 3.33 | 74 | 7.79 | 199 |
| 77 | 1 | 3.33 | 77 | 8.11 | 202 |
| 99 | 1 | 3.33 | 99 | 10.42 | 205 |
| Total | 30 of 30 | 99.96 | 950 of 950 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 30 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 1 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 65 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 950 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 31.67 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 14.62 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 2.17 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 3.33 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 28.78 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 575,600 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 30.98 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00165 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 99.89% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 66,018.07 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 9,900 kg <br /> 9,900 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 165,045.17 |
Remarks
Most likely more than 2 workstations
References
- ^ Caccamo Caltabiano, Maria (1993), La monetazione di Messana. Con le emissioni di Rhegion dell’eta della tirannide, AMUGS XIII, Berlin-New York, xviii, 383 p., 94 pl.
- ^ Sear, David R. (1978), Greek coins and their values. Vol. I, Europe, London, xl, 316 p.
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (2003), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires archaïques et classiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, VII + 267 p.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2012), The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series. 2. Handbook of the Coins of Sicily (Including Lipara). Civic, Royal, Siculo-Punic, and Romano-Sicilian Issues. Sixth to First Centuries BC, Lancaster-London, 489 p.
