Messana, bronze, litrai (Heracles/standing lion) (278-275 BCE)
From SILVER
278 BCE - 275 BCE Bronze
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | ΜΕΣΣΑΝIΩN (Greek).Head of Herakles left, wearing lion skin headdress |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | Lion standing right, club above, torch in exergue |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Messana | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Sicily | Modern countryModern country: Italy | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 278 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 275 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Bronze
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 6.10 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | litra
|
StandardStandard.: |
Image
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References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Caccamo Caltabiano 1993, n° 895-933 | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2Calciati 1983, n° 23, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3SNG ANS 4 Sicily, n° 396, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]4RQEMH, n° 29, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]5HGC 2, n° 839 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 16 | 51.61 | 16 | 27.59 | 1, 3, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 18, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31 |
| 2 | 6 | 19.35 | 12 | 20.69 | 4, 19, 22, 23, 27, 28 |
| 3 | 7 | 22.58 | 21 | 36.21 | 2, 5, 8, 11, 15, 16, 17 |
| 4 | 1 | 3.23 | 4 | 6.9 | 29 |
| 5 | 1 | 3.23 | 5 | 8.62 | 10 |
| Total | 31 of 31 | 100 | 58 of 58 | 100.01 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 31 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 16 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 37 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 58 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 1.87 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.57 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.19 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 51.61 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 53.99 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 1,079,800 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 66.59 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00005 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 72.41% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 2,148.55 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | n.a. | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 5,371.37 |
Remarks
Most likely one single workstation
References
- ^ Caccamo Caltabiano, Maria (1993), La monetazione di Messana. Con le emissioni di Rhegion dell’eta della tirannide, AMUGS XIII, Berlin-New York, xviii, 383 p., 94 pl.
- ^ Calciati, Romolo (1983), Corpus nummorum siculorum. La monetazione di bronzo/The bronze coinage, vol. 1, Milan, Edizioni G. M.
- ^ Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum ANS 4. The Collection of the American Numismatic Society. Sicily 2 (Galaria - Styella), New York, 1977, 25 pl.
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (1997), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires hellénistiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, X + 341 p.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2012), The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series. 2. Handbook of the Coins of Sicily (Including Lipara). Civic, Royal, Siculo-Punic, and Romano-Sicilian Issues. Sixth to First Centuries BC, Lancaster-London, 489 p.
