Messana, bronze, hemilitrae (Pelorias/trident between two dolphins) (411-408 BCE)
From SILVER
411 BCE - 408 BCE Bronze
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | ΠELΩΡIAΣ (Greek).Head of the nymph Peloria l., wearing barley wreath and ear-ring, hair caught up in saccos behind. Around, three dolphins. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | MEΣΣANION (Greek).Trident between two dolphins, among the prongs, two shells |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Messana | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Sicily | Modern countryModern country: Italy | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 411 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 408 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Bronze
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 3.80 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | hemilitra
|
StandardStandard.: |
Image
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References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Caccamo Caltabiano 1993, n° 648-683. | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2Sear I, n° 1133, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3Calciati 1986, n° 11, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]4RQEMAC, n° 70, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]5HGC 2, n° 841 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 15 | 51.72 | 15 | 22.06 | 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25 |
| 2 | 7 | 24.14 | 14 | 20.59 | 1, 6, 10, 11, 14, 22, 29 |
| 3 | 1 | 3.45 | 3 | 4.41 | 27 |
| 4 | 3 | 10.34 | 12 | 17.65 | 4, 5, 28 |
| 5 | 1 | 3.45 | 5 | 7.35 | 19 |
| 7 | 1 | 3.45 | 7 | 10.29 | 17 |
| 12 | 1 | 3.45 | 12 | 17.65 | 26 |
| Total | 29 of 29 | 100 | 68 of 68 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 29 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 15 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 31 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 68 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 2.34 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 2.19 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.07 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 51.72 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 41.99 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 839,800 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 50.56 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00008 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 77.94% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 3,238.87 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | n.a. | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 8,097.17 |
Remarks
Most likely one single workstation
References
- ^ Caccamo Caltabiano, Maria (1993), La monetazione di Messana. Con le emissioni di Rhegion dell’eta della tirannide, AMUGS XIII, Berlin-New York, xviii, 383 p., 94 pl.
- ^ Sear, David R. (1978), Greek coins and their values. Vol. I, Europe, London, xl, 316 p.
- ^ Calciati, Romolo (1986), Corpus nummorum siculorum. La monetazione di bronzo/The bronze coinage, vol. 2, Milan, Edizioni G. M.
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (2003), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires archaïques et classiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, VII + 267 p.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2012), The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series. 2. Handbook of the Coins of Sicily (Including Lipara). Civic, Royal, Siculo-Punic, and Romano-Sicilian Issues. Sixth to First Centuries BC, Lancaster-London, 489 p.
