Mende, silver, tetrobols (Mule/mill-sail incuse square) (500-480 BCE)
From SILVER
500 BCE - 480 BCE Silver 1,446 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Ithyphallic mule standing right. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | Mill-sail incuse of five parts. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Mende | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Macedon | Modern countryModern country: Greece | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 500 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 480 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Archaic until 480 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 2.60 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | tetrobol
|
StandardStandard.: |
Image
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Michaux 1981 | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2Sear I, n° 1279, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3RQEMAC, n° 161, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]4HGC 3.1, n° 553 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 9 | 56.25 | 9 | 30 | 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 16 |
| 2 | 1 | 6.25 | 2 | 6.67 | 4 |
| 3 | 5 | 31.25 | 15 | 50 | 3, 6, 7, 10, 13 |
| 4 | 1 | 6.25 | 4 | 13.33 | 11 |
| Total | 16 of 16 | 100 | 30 of 30 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 16 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 9 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 11 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 30 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 1.88 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 2.73 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 0.69 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 56.25 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 27.8 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 556,000 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 34.29 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00005 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 70% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 2,158.27 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 1,446 kg <br /> 1,446 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 5,395.68 |
Remarks
Most likely one single workstation
References
- ^ Michaux, Françoise (1981), "Les tétroboles de Mendé", Revue Belge de Numismatique CXXVII, p. 5-18, pl. 1.
- ^ Sear, David R. (1978), Greek coins and their values. Vol. I, Europe, London, xl, 316 p.
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (2003), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires archaïques et classiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, VII + 267 p.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2016), Handbook of coins of Macedon and its neighbors. 3. Part I: Macedon, Illyria, and Epeiros, sixth to first centuries BC, Lancaster, 437 p.
