Locri Epizephyrii (Timoleon), bronze, hemilitrae (Zeus/Eagle with closed wings) (344-318 BCE)
From SILVER
344 BCE - 318 BCE Bronze
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Laureate head of Zeus r. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | Eagle standing l., on rocks, wings closed |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Locri Epizephyrii | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Bruttium | Modern countryModern country: Italy | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: | Timoleon (Greek statesman and general, c. 345-337 BC) |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 344 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 318 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC  , Classical 480-323 BC
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Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Bronze
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 10.50 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | hemilitron | StandardStandard.: |
Image
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Spinelli 2019, Group 3, p. 107-112 | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2HN Italy, n° 2352, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3HGC 1, n° 1583 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 15 | 50 | 15 | 23.81 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 19, 20, 27 |
| 2 | 6 | 20 | 12 | 19.05 | 8, 23, 24, 28, 29, 30 |
| 3 | 5 | 16.67 | 15 | 23.81 | 6, 9, 14, 25, 26 |
| 4 | 1 | 3.33 | 4 | 6.35 | 17 |
| 5 | 2 | 6.67 | 10 | 15.87 | 16, 22 |
| 7 | 1 | 3.33 | 7 | 11.11 | 21 |
| Total | 30 of 30 | 100 | 63 of 63 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 30 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 15 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 49 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 63 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 2.1 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.29 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.63 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 50 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 46.86 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 937,200 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 57.27 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00007 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 76.19% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 2,688.86 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | n.a. | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 6,722.15 |
Remarks
Most likely one single workstation No die-link but very low n/o ratio
References
- ^ Spinelli, Marianna (2019), La monetazione di Locri Epizefiri tra Magna Grecia, Sicilia e regni ellenistici, Pelorias 27, Messina, 220 p.
- ^ Rutter N. Keith et alii (eds.) (2001), Historia Numorum Italy, London, xvi, 223 p., 43 pl.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2018), The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series, Volume 1. Handbook of Coins of Italy and Magna Graecia, Sixth to First Centuries BC., Lancaster-London, 2018, lxi, 527 pages, 23 cm
