Halicarnassus (Mausolus), silver, drachms (Apollo/Zeus Labraundos) (375-352 BCE)
From SILVER
375 BCE - 352 BCE Silver 6,394 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Laureate head of Apollo facing slightly right. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | MAYΣΣΩΛΛON (Greek).Zeus standing right, holding sceptre and labrys. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Halicarnassus | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Caria | Modern countryModern country: Turkey | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: | Hecatomnid dynasty, Mausolus of Caria (satrap of Caria, 377-353 BC), Persian Empire |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 375 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 352 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 3.70 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | drachma
|
StandardStandard.: |
Image
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Konuk 1998b, n° 284-444 (D1-D71). | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2Sear II, n° 4956-4957, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3RQEMAC, n° 248 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 22 | 30.99 | 22 | 9.09 | 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, 15, 18, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 42, 44, 53, 54, 59, 60, 65, 68, 69 |
| 2 | 11 | 15.49 | 22 | 9.09 | 2, 10, 11, 28, 35, 39, 41, 43, 51, 57, 71 |
| 3 | 10 | 14.08 | 30 | 12.4 | 7, 17, 19, 24, 30, 46, 55, 56, 66, 67 |
| 4 | 12 | 16.9 | 48 | 19.83 | 3, 8, 12, 16, 36, 37, 47, 48, 49, 52, 58, 70 |
| 5 | 5 | 7.04 | 25 | 10.33 | 9, 20, 33, 50, 61 |
| 6 | 4 | 5.63 | 24 | 9.92 | 32, 40, 45, 64 |
| 7 | 2 | 2.82 | 14 | 5.79 | 31, 34 |
| 10 | 2 | 2.82 | 20 | 8.26 | 21, 63 |
| 11 | 1 | 1.41 | 11 | 4.55 | 62 |
| 12 | 1 | 1.41 | 12 | 4.96 | 1 |
| 14 | 1 | 1.41 | 14 | 5.79 | 38 |
| Total | 71 of 71 | 100 | 242 of 242 | 100.01 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 71 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 22 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 242 | |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 3.41 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 30.99 % | |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 86.41 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 1,728,200 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 100.48 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00014 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 90.91% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 5,601.2 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 6,394 kg <br /> 6,394 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 14,003.01 |
Remarks
Likely military
References
- ^ Konuk, Koray (1998), The Coinage of the Hekatomnids of Caria [Unpublished doctoral dissertation], Oxford.
- ^ Sear, David R. (1979), Greek coins and their values. Vol. II, Asia and North Africa, London, xlviii, p. 317-762
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (2003), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires archaïques et classiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, VII + 267 p.
