Gela, silver, tetradrachms (biga/man-headed bull) (430-425 BCE)
From SILVER
430 BCE - 425 BCE Silver 991 kg
Description
| Obverse: | Charioteer driving walking quadriga r., holding kentron and reins, above, wreath, |
| Reverse: | CEΛAΣ (Greek).Forepart of man-headed bull r., below heron, all within incuse circle. |
Mint and issuing power
| Mint: | Gela | Ancient region: | Sicily | Modern country: Italy | Authority: |
Chronology
| From | 430 BCE | to | 425 BCE | Period: Classical 480-323 BC 
|
Physical description
| Metal: | Silver
|
Median weight in grams | 17.20 | Denomination: | tetradrachm
|
Standard: | Attic |
Image
References
| Die study reference: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Jenkins 1970, p. 249-252, n° 391-400 (groupe VI). | ||
| Coin series reference: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2Sear I, n° 796, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3RQEMAC, n° 50, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]4HGC 2, n° 346-347 | ||
| Coin series web reference: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| Frequency ᵖ | Number of obverses ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coins (n) | % (n) | Die name |
| 9 | 1 | 33.33 | 9 | 9.28 | 83 |
| 19 | 1 | 33.33 | 19 | 19.59 | 81 |
| 69 | 1 | 33.33 | 69 | 71.13 | 82 |
| Total | 3 of 3 | 99.99 | 97 of 97 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obverses ᵖ (o) | 3 | Number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | |
| Number of reverse dies (r) | 7 | Number of coins (n) | 97 |
| Coins per obverse die (n/o) | 32.33 | Coins per reverse die (n/r) | 13.86 |
| Reverse per obverse ratio (r/o) | 2.33 | Percentage of singletons (o1) ᵖ | % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula) ᵖ | 2.88 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per die ᵖ | 57,600 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula) ᵖ (O) | 3.1 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per die ᵖ | 0.00168 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula) ᵖ (o = % of O) | % | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000 ᵖ | 67,361.11 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula) ᵖ | 991 kg <br /> 991 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000 ᵖ | 168,402.78 |
Remarks
Most likely one single workstation
References
- ^ Jenkins, Gilbert Kenneth (1970), The Coinage of Gela, AMUGS II, 2 vol., Berlin
- ^ Sear, David R. (1978), Greek coins and their values. Vol. I, Europe, London, xl, 316 p.
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (2003), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires archaïques et classiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, VII + 267 p.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2012), The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series. 2. Handbook of the Coins of Sicily (Including Lipara). Civic, Royal, Siculo-Punic, and Romano-Sicilian Issues. Sixth to First Centuries BC, Lancaster-London, 489 p.
