Gela, silver, litrae (horse/forepart of man-headed bull) (465-450 BCE)
From SILVER
465 BCE - 450 BCE Silver 1,273 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Horse advancing r., wreath above. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | CEΛAΣ (Greek).Forepart of man-headed bull r. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Gela | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Sicily | Modern countryModern country: Italy | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 465 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 450 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 0.75 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | litra
|
StandardStandard.: | Attic |
Image
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Jenkins 1970, p. 228-234, n° 244-338 (groupe III). | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2Sear I, n° 791, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3RQEMAC, n° 47, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]4HGC 2, n° 373 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 30 | 49.18 | 30 | 19.61 | 258A, 259, 269, 270, 272A, 273, 273A, 274, 275, 276, 277A, 282, 284, 288, 291, 292, 297, 298, 306, 307, 311, 312, 313, 314, 317, 318, 321, 335, 337, 338 |
| 2 | 8 | 13.11 | 16 | 10.46 | 256, 265, 278, 280, 283, 296, 305, 316 |
| 3 | 10 | 16.39 | 30 | 19.61 | 258, 271, 277, 279, 285, 289, 293, 304, 334, 336 |
| 4 | 5 | 8.2 | 20 | 13.07 | 260, 267, 295, 308, 315 |
| 5 | 4 | 6.56 | 20 | 13.07 | 253, 262, 299, 319 |
| 6 | 1 | 1.64 | 6 | 3.92 | 328 |
| 8 | 1 | 1.64 | 8 | 5.23 | 331 |
| 9 | 1 | 1.64 | 9 | 5.88 | 321 |
| 14 | 1 | 1.64 | 14 | 9.15 | 244 |
| Total | 61 of 61 | 100 | 153 of 153 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 61 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 30 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 85 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 153 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 2.51 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.8 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.39 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 49.18 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 84.85 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 1,697,000 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 101.45 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00009 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 80.39% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 3,606.36 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 1,273 kg <br /> 1,273 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 9,015.91 |
Remarks
References
- ^ Jenkins, Gilbert Kenneth (1970), The Coinage of Gela, AMUGS II, 2 vol., Berlin
- ^ Sear, David R. (1978), Greek coins and their values. Vol. I, Europe, London, xl, 316 p.
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (2003), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires archaïques et classiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, VII + 267 p.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2012), The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series. 2. Handbook of the Coins of Sicily (Including Lipara). Civic, Royal, Siculo-Punic, and Romano-Sicilian Issues. Sixth to First Centuries BC, Lancaster-London, 489 p.
