Gela, silver, didrachms (rider/forepart of man-headed bull) (490-475 BCE)
From SILVER
490 BCE - 475 BCE Silver 4,991 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Bearded horseman, nude, riding a horse galloping to right, brandishing spear in his upraised right hand and holding the reins in his left. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | CEΛA(Σ) (Greek).Forepart of man-headed bull to right. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Gela | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Sicily | Modern countryModern country: Italy | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 490 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 475 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Archaic until 480 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 8.65 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | didrachm
|
StandardStandard.: | Attic |
Image
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Jenkins 1970, p. 177-199, n° 1-100 (Group I) | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2Sear I, n° 713, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3RQEMAC, n° 44, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]4HGC 2, n° 363 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 1 | 3.33 | 1 | 0.11 | 23 |
| 3 | 2 | 6.67 | 6 | 0.69 | 15, 19 |
| 5 | 1 | 3.33 | 5 | 0.57 | 10 |
| 9 | 1 | 3.33 | 9 | 1.03 | 8 |
| 10 | 1 | 3.33 | 10 | 1.15 | 25 |
| 12 | 1 | 3.33 | 12 | 1.38 | 1 |
| 14 | 1 | 3.33 | 14 | 1.61 | 26 |
| 15 | 4 | 13.33 | 60 | 6.9 | 4, 12, 14, 27 |
| 18 | 1 | 3.33 | 18 | 2.07 | 3 |
| 19 | 1 | 3.33 | 19 | 2.18 | 18 |
| 21 | 1 | 3.33 | 21 | 2.41 | 16 |
| 25 | 1 | 3.33 | 25 | 2.87 | 5 |
| 28 | 1 | 3.33 | 28 | 3.22 | 28 |
| 29 | 1 | 3.33 | 29 | 3.33 | 20 |
| 31 | 1 | 3.33 | 31 | 3.56 | 17 |
| 36 | 1 | 3.33 | 36 | 4.14 | 6 |
| 39 | 3 | 10 | 117 | 13.45 | 2, 13, 21 |
| 40 | 1 | 3.33 | 40 | 4.6 | 24 |
| 42 | 1 | 3.33 | 42 | 4.83 | 29 |
| 48 | 1 | 3.33 | 48 | 5.52 | 22 |
| 52 | 1 | 3.33 | 52 | 5.98 | 30 |
| 60 | 1 | 3.33 | 60 | 6.9 | 11 |
| 88 | 1 | 3.33 | 88 | 10.11 | 7 |
| 99 | 1 | 3.33 | 99 | 11.38 | 9 |
| Total | 30 of 30 | 99.93 | 870 of 870 | 99.99 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 30 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 1 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 55 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 870 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 29 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 15.82 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.83 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 3.33 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 28.85 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 577,000 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 31.07 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00151 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 99.89% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 60,311.96 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 4,991 kg <br /> 4,991 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 150,779.9 |
Remarks
Most likely more than 2 workstations
References
- ^ Jenkins, Gilbert Kenneth (1970), The Coinage of Gela, AMUGS II, 2 vol., Berlin
- ^ Sear, David R. (1978), Greek coins and their values. Vol. I, Europe, London, xl, 316 p.
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (2003), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires archaïques et classiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, VII + 267 p.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2012), The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series. 2. Handbook of the Coins of Sicily (Including Lipara). Civic, Royal, Siculo-Punic, and Romano-Sicilian Issues. Sixth to First Centuries BC, Lancaster-London, 489 p.
