Galatia (uncertain mint) (Bitorix), bronze (16g) (Heracles/club) (70-30 BCE)
From SILVER
70 BCE - 30 BCE Bronze
Description
| Obverse: | Head of youthful Herakles to right, wearing taenia, lion skin tied around neck |
| Reverse: | BITOΡΙΞ APΓΥ-ΡΟΤΑΜΙΑΣ / ΕΤΟΥΣ IΕ (Greek).Club, to outer right, monogram of BA. |
Mint and issuing power
| Mint: | Galatia (uncertain mint) | Ancient region: | Galatia | Modern country: Turkey | Authority: | Bitorix, Kingdom of Galatia |
Chronology
| From | 70 BCE | to | 30 BCE | Period: |
Physical description
| Metal: | Bronze 
|
Median weight in grams | 16.00 | Denomination: | Standard: |
Image
References
| Die study reference: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Miebach 2026, Type 26 | ||
| Coin series reference: | |||
| Coin series web reference: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| Frequency ᵖ | Number of obverses ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coins (n) | % (n) | Die name |
| 3 | 1 | 100 | 3 | 100 | 89 |
| Total | 1 of 1 | 100 | 3 of 3 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obverses ᵖ (o) | 1 | Number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 0 |
| Number of reverse dies (r) | 2 | Number of coins (n) | 3 |
| Coins per obverse die (n/o) | 3 | Coins per reverse die (n/r) | 1.5 |
| Reverse per obverse ratio (r/o) | 2 | Percentage of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 0 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula) ᵖ | 1.27 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per die ᵖ | 25,400 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula) ᵖ (O) | 1.5 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per die ᵖ | 0.00012 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 100% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000 ᵖ | 4,724.41 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula) ᵖ | n.a. | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000 ᵖ | 11,811.02 |
Remarks
Most likely one single workstation
References
- ^ Miebach, Denise (2026), From the reorganization of Pompey up to the reign of Augustus. What can coinage contribute to our understanding of client kingdoms in central Asia Minor during the Late Hellenistic period?, Unpublished DPhil, Oxford.
