Cos, silver, tetradrachms (bearded Heracles/crab & club) (355-335 BCE)
From SILVER
355 BCE - 335 BCE Silver 6,661 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Head of Heracles left or right, bearded, wearing Nemean lion skin headdress. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | ΚΩΙΟΝ (Greek).Crab. Beneath, club. In the field, magistrate name (et symbol ou une lettre). All within (incuse) square with square of dots. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Cos | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Caria (islands) | Modern countryModern country: Greece | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 355 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 335 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 15.20 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | tetradrachm
|
StandardStandard.: |
Image
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References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | Ingvaldsen 20021Ingvaldsen 2002, p. 230-236 (series VI) | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | |||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 6 | 30 | 6 | 5.56 | 1, 4, 5, 10, 15, 16 |
| 2 | 2 | 10 | 4 | 3.7 | 2, 11 |
| 3 | 4 | 20 | 12 | 11.11 | 3, 6, 7, 18 |
| 4 | 2 | 10 | 8 | 7.41 | 9, 12 |
| 5 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 4.63 | 19 |
| 8 | 2 | 10 | 16 | 14.81 | 8, 14 |
| 12 | 1 | 5 | 12 | 11.11 | 13 |
| 13 | 1 | 5 | 13 | 12.04 | 20 |
| 32 | 1 | 5 | 32 | 29.63 | 17 |
| Total | 20 of 20 | 100 | 108 of 108 | 100 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 20 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 6 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 48 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 108 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 5.4 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 2.25 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 2.4 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 30 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 21.91 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 438,200 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 24.55 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00025 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 94.44% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 9,858.51 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 6,661 kg <br /> 6,661 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 24,646.28 |
Remarks
References
- ^ Ingvaldsen, Håkon (2002), Cos. Coinage and Society. The chronology and function of a city-state coinage in the Classical and Hellenistic period, c. 390 - c. 170 BC, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Oslo University.
