Cos, silver, hemidrachms (Heracles/crab & club) (280-250 BCE)
From SILVER
280 BCE - 250 BCE Silver 1,241 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Head of Heracles right, wearing Nemean lion skin headdress. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | (ΚΩΙΟΝ) (Greek).Crab. Beneath, club. In the field, magistrate name. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Cos | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Caria (islands) | Modern countryModern country: Greece | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 280 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 250 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 1.50 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | hemidrachm
|
StandardStandard.: |
Image
RQEM_ad_293.png "Paris, BnF, Y 23880 (https" has not been listed as valid URI scheme.[Paris, BnF, Y 23880 (https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b85232363)]
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | Ingvaldsen 20021Ingvaldsen 2002, p. 264-277 (series XIII) | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | |||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 9 | 23.08 | 9 | 3.45 | 1, 4, 8, 14, 15, 18, 20, 36, 39 |
| 2 | 9 | 23.08 | 18 | 6.9 | 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 23, 29, 32, 38 |
| 3 | 3 | 7.69 | 9 | 3.45 | 12, 24, 28 |
| 4 | 1 | 2.56 | 4 | 1.53 | 25 |
| 5 | 1 | 2.56 | 5 | 1.92 | 21 |
| 6 | 1 | 2.56 | 6 | 2.3 | 6 |
| 7 | 1 | 2.56 | 7 | 2.68 | 26 |
| 8 | 1 | 2.56 | 8 | 3.07 | 27 |
| 9 | 1 | 2.56 | 9 | 3.45 | 37 |
| 10 | 2 | 5.13 | 20 | 7.66 | 7, 34 |
| 11 | 2 | 5.13 | 22 | 8.43 | 16, 31 |
| 12 | 1 | 2.56 | 12 | 4.6 | 9 |
| 13 | 1 | 2.56 | 13 | 4.98 | 22 |
| 14 | 3 | 7.69 | 42 | 16.09 | 17, 30, 35 |
| 17 | 1 | 2.56 | 17 | 6.51 | 10 |
| 20 | 1 | 2.56 | 20 | 7.66 | 33 |
| 22 | 1 | 2.56 | 22 | 8.43 | 3 |
| Total | 39 of 39 | 99.96 | 243 of 261 | 93.11 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 39 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 9 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 83 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 261 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 6.69 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 3.14 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 2.13 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 23.08 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 41.36 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 827,200 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 45.85 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00032 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 96.55% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 12,620.89 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 1,241 kg <br /> 1,241 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 31,552.22 |
Remarks
References
- ^ Ingvaldsen, Håkon (2002), Cos. Coinage and Society. The chronology and function of a city-state coinage in the Classical and Hellenistic period, c. 390 - c. 170 BC, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Oslo University.
