Cos, silver, drachms (bearded Heracles/crab) (355-335 BCE)
From SILVER
355 BCE - 335 BCE Silver 1,040 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Head of Heracles right, bearded, wearing Nemean lion skin headdress. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | ΚΩΙ (Greek).Crab. Beneath, club. In the field, magistrate name. All within incuse square with square of dots. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Cos | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Caria (islands) | Modern countryModern country: Greece | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 355 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 335 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 3.60 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | drachma
|
StandardStandard.: |
Image
RQEM_ad_290.png "Paris, BnF, Fonds général 1174 (https" has not been listed as valid URI scheme.[Paris, BnF, Fonds général 1174 (https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8523197f)]
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | Ingvaldsen 20021Ingvaldsen 2002, p. 240-243 (series VIII) | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 3 | 23.08 | 3 | 4.62 | 2, 5, 11 |
| 2 | 3 | 23.08 | 6 | 9.23 | 3, 6, 10 |
| 3 | 2 | 15.38 | 6 | 9.23 | 1, 12 |
| 4 | 2 | 15.38 | 8 | 12.31 | 9, 13 |
| 13 | 2 | 15.38 | 26 | 40 | 7, 8 |
| 16 | 1 | 7.69 | 16 | 24.62 | 4 |
| Total | 13 of 13 | 99.99 | 65 of 65 | 100.01 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 13 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 3 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 21 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 65 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 5 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 3.1 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.62 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 23.08 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 14.44 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 288,800 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 16.25 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00023 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 95.38% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 9,002.77 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 1,040 kg <br /> 1,040 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 22,506.93 |
References
- ^ Ingvaldsen, Håkon (2002), Cos. Coinage and Society. The chronology and function of a city-state coinage in the Classical and Hellenistic period, c. 390 - c. 170 BC, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Oslo University.
