Cnidus, silver, drachms (Aphrodite/lion) (355-330 BCE)
From SILVER
355 BCE - 330 BCE Silver 4,093 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Head of Aphrodite right, wearing stephane, triple pendant earring, and necklace |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | AYTOKPATHΣ to right, KNI below (Greek).Forepart of lion right |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Cnidus | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Caria | Modern countryModern country: Turkey | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 355 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 330 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 3.35 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | drachma
|
StandardStandard.: |
Image
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Ashton 1999 | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2Sear II, n° 4842-4843, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3RQEMAC, n° 243 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 6 | 10.71 | 6 | 1.94 | 14, 17, 23, 52, 54, 55 |
| 2 | 10 | 17.86 | 20 | 6.45 | 1, 2, 4, 16, 19, 22, 24, 28, 42, 53 |
| 3 | 11 | 19.64 | 33 | 10.65 | 5, 8, 11, 13, 15, 29, 35, 36, 40, 41, 56 |
| 4 | 4 | 7.14 | 16 | 5.16 | 7, 27, 31, 43 |
| 5 | 7 | 12.5 | 35 | 11.29 | 6, 20, 21, 25, 34, 39, 47 |
| 6 | 1 | 1.79 | 6 | 1.94 | 46 |
| 7 | 5 | 8.93 | 35 | 11.29 | 3, 18, 26, 30, 44 |
| 8 | 3 | 5.36 | 24 | 7.74 | 12, 32, 45 |
| 10 | 3 | 5.36 | 30 | 9.68 | 33, 50, 51 |
| 11 | 1 | 1.79 | 11 | 3.55 | 38 |
| 12 | 1 | 1.79 | 12 | 3.87 | 49 |
| 15 | 1 | 1.79 | 15 | 4.84 | 48 |
| 16 | 1 | 1.79 | 16 | 5.16 | 10 |
| 19 | 1 | 1.79 | 19 | 6.13 | 9 |
| 32 | 1 | 1.79 | 32 | 10.32 | 37 |
| Total | 56 of 56 | 100.03 | 310 of 310 | 100.01 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 56 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 6 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 131 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 310 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 5.54 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 2.37 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 2.34 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 10.71 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 61.09 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 1,221,800 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 68.35 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00025 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 98.06% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 10,148.96 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 4,093 kg <br /> 4,093 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 25,372.4 |
Remarks
Most likely one single workstation
References
- ^ Ashton, Richard H. J. (1999), "The late classical/early hellenistic drachms of Knidos", Revue Numismatique, 154, p. 63-94, pl. 5-12.
- ^ Sear, David R. (1979), Greek coins and their values. Vol. II, Asia and North Africa, London, xlviii, p. 317-762
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (2003), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires archaïques et classiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, VII + 267 p.
