Athens, silver, tetradrachms (Athena/owl on amphora) (135-100 BCE)

135 BCE - 100 BCE Silver 164,498 kg

Description

Obverse:	Head of Athena Parthenos right, wearing crested Attic helmet with Pegasus, aplastron and front part of horses. Border of dots.
Reverse:	ΑΘΕ (Greek).Owl standing to right, head facing, on amphora with uncertain month, A-ӨE above AΦPO-ΔIΣI AΠO-ΛHΣI KAΛ ΛIA (magistrates' names) in five lines across field, Nike holding wreath in right field, ME below, all within wreath.

Mint and issuing power

Mint:

Athens

Ancient region:

Attica

Modern country: Greece

Authority:

Chronology

From

135 BCE

to

100 BCE

Period: Hellenistic ^{323-30 BC}

Physical description

Metal:

Silver

Median weight in grams

16.75

Denomination:

tetradrachm

Standard:

Attic

Image

References

Die study reference:	"[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Thompson 1961
Coin series reference:	"[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2Sear I, n° 2555-2556, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3RQEMH, n° 158, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]4HGC 4, n° 1602

Obverse dies distribution

Frequency ^ᵖ	Number of obverses ^ᵖ (o)	% (o)	Number of coins (n)	% (n)	Die name
1	41	8.65	41		324, 334, 366, 377, 413, 416X, 455, 463, 494, 495, 496, 496X, 508, 511, 514, 516, 532, 562, 580, 587, 596, 612, 636, 648, 652, 659, 669, 676, 683, 711, 734, 737, 806, 815, 821, 826X, 831, 854, 859X, 870X, 875
2	38	8.02	76		352, 387, 398, 404, 467, 513, 519, 537, 545, 572, 608, 609, 611, 618, 624, 644, 651, 654, 675, 682, 697, 699, 704, 710, 720, 744, 769, 783, 792, 834, 840, 844, 856, 860, 862, 864, 868, 873
3	33	6.96	99		337, 340, 385, 461, 462, 468, 481, 482, 521, 539, 556, 565, 599, 607, 641, 649, 650, 656, 670, 681, 684, 686, 693, 712, 735, 798, 807, 845, 865, 866, 871, 872, 874
4	35	7.38	140		365, 376, 386, 407, 410, 418, 448, 458, 476, 497, 502, 520, 524, 525, 549, 568, 574, 632, 653, 718, 733, 743, 746, 752, 754, 772, 784, 785, 794, 796, 819, 832, 841, 859, 869
5	47	9.92	235		332, 360, 405, 414, 424, 430, 439, 451, 452, 498, 503, 509, 526, 527, 552, 558, 563, 564, 573, 576, 591, 592, 620, 630, 634, 698, 723, 725, 749, 759, 777, 787, 791, 801, 812, 813, 816, 820, 823, 827, 835, 849, 850, 855, 861, 870, 876
6	31	6.54	186		336, 338, 401, 408, 433, 436, 444, 475, 512, 547, 553, 560, 602, 614, 635, 638, 717, 732, 742, 768, 774, 775, 790, 793, 808, 826, 833, 843, 847, 851, 858
7	34	7.17	238		347, 349, 367, 399, 427, 429, 434, 437, 501, 522, 551, 575, 593, 604, 617, 629, 631, 655, 657, 660, 663, 674, 687, 700, 703, 709, 715, 750, 755, 760, 804, 805, 818, 830
8	23	4.85	184		361, 380, 383, 384, 388, 390, 422, 490, 499, 533, 541, 561, 581, 589, 613, 619, 625, 671, 695, 757, 767, 778, 863
9	33	6.96	297		330, 363, 409, 415, 421, 438, 472, 489, 500, 529, 530, 569, 570, 577, 605, 639, 643, 662, 664, 708, 730, 738, 751, 756, 762, 763, 764, 770, 781, 788, 789, 846, 848
10	14	2.95	140		350, 354, 416, 510, 528, 566, 623, 640, 642, 672, 706, 779, 828, 867
11	27	5.7	297		331, 362, 364, 368, 396, 456, 479, 518, 531, 548, 554, 586, 588, 600, 615, 690, 726, 729, 736, 739, 741, 745, 753, 766, 782, 795, 817
12	25	5.27	300		339, 351, 389, 406, 431, 435, 457, 485, 486, 515, 550, 598, 603, 606, 680, 713, 716, 724, 731, 780, 786, 803, 809, 824, 825
13	13	2.74	169		333, 355, 417, 447, 517, 534, 540, 582, 590, 661, 673, 761, 814
14	17	3.59	238		335, 378, 423, 442, 478, 488, 536, 559, 583, 597, 633, 679, 702, 765, 773, 802, 842
15	17	3.59	255		397, 400, 425, 432, 441, 477, 538, 543, 546, 567, 616, 677, 691, 771, 797, 829, 857
16	6	1.27	96		601, 622, 637, 678, 707, 719
17	6	1.27	102		453, 557, 585, 694, 701, 740
18	3	0.63	54		450, 454, 728
19	9	1.9	171		348, 353, 480, 483, 544, 571, 584, 658, 689
20	4	0.84	80		426, 621, 692, 727
21	3	0.63	63		379, 445, 535
22	2	0.42	44		443, 487
23	1	0.21	23		446
24	1	0.21	24		466
25	4	0.84	100		464, 470, 688, 721
26	2	0.42	52		471, 484
27	1	0.21	27		705
28	1	0.21	28		714
29	1	0.21	29		465
32	1	0.21	32		469
33	1	0.21	33		449
Total	474 of 474	99.98	3853 of 3,853

Reverse dies distribution

no distribution is available

Quantification

Number of obverses ^ᵖ (o)	474	Number of singletons (o1) ^ᵖ	41
Number of reverse dies (r)	2024	Number of coins (n)	3853
Coins per obverse die (n/o)	8.13	Coins per reverse die (n/r)	1.9
Reverse per obverse ratio (r/o)	4.27	Percentage of singletons (o1) ^ᵖ	8.65 %
Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula) ^ᵖ	491.04	Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per die ^ᵖ	9,820,800
Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula) ^ᵖ (O)	540.49	Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per die ^ᵖ	0.00039
Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula) ^ᵖ (o = % of O)	98.94%	Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000 ^ᵖ	15,693.22
Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula) ^ᵖ	164,498 kg <br /> 164,498 kg	Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000 ^ᵖ	39,233.06

Remarks

Most likely more than 2 workstations https://greekcoinage.org/iris/id/athens.thompson_1961.396-403. https://greekcoinage.org/iris/id/athens.thompson_1961.401bis.404-412; https://greekcoinage.org/iris/id/athens.thompson_1961.413-420

References

^ Thompson, Margaret (1961), The new style silver coinage of Athens, Numismatic Studies 10, New York, 2 vol.
^ Sear, David R. (1978), Greek coins and their values. Vol. I, Europe, London, xl, 316 p.
^ Callataÿ, François de (1997), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires hellénistiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, X + 341 p.
^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2014), Handbook of Greek Coinage Series 4. Northern and Central Greece : Achaia Phthiotis, Ainis, Magnesia, Malis, Oita, Perrhaibia, Thessaly, Akarnania, Aitolia, Lokris, Phokis, Boiotia, Euboia, Attica, Megaris and Corinthia, sixth to first centuries BC, Lancaster, lxxi, 563 p.