Athens, silver, tetradrachms (Athena/owl) (475-449 BCE)
From SILVER
475 BCE - 449/8 BCE Silver 214,529 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Head of Athena to right, wearing crested Attic helmet decorated with three olive leaves and palmette |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | AΘE (Greek).Owl standing right, head facing, to left, olive sprig and crescent, all within incuse square |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Athens | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Attica | Modern countryModern country: Greece | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 475 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 449/8 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 17.15 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | tetradrachm
|
StandardStandard.: | Attic |
Image
AC193 Athens.jpg [1]
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | Starr 19701Starr 1970, Groups I-V | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | Sear I2Sear I, n° 2517-2520, RQEMAC3RQEMAC, n° 193, HGC 44HGC 4, n° 1597 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 104 | 89.66 | 104 | 77.04 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 33, 34, 35, 36, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 78, 79, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183 |
| 2 | 7 | 6.03 | 14 | 10.37 | 18, 32, 81, 83, 113, 118, 163 |
| 3 | 3 | 2.59 | 9 | 6.67 | 31, 62, 115 |
| 4 | 2 | 1.72 | 8 | 5.93 | 142, 159 |
| Total | 116 of 116 | 100 | 135 of 135 | 100.01 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 116 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 104 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 120 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 135 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 1.16 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.13 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.03 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 89.66 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 625.45 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 12,509,000 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 824.21 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00001 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 22.96% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 431.69 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 214,529 kg <br /> 214,529 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 1,079.22 |
Remarks
Likely military
References
- ^ Starr, Chester G. (1970), Athenian Coinage 480-449 B.C., Oxford, 97 p., 26 pl.
- ^ Sear, David R. (1978), Greek coins and their values. Vol. I, Europe, London, xl, 316 p.
- ^ Callataÿ, François de (2003), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires archaïques et classiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, VII + 267 p.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2014), Handbook of Greek Coinage Series 4. Northern and Central Greece : Achaia Phthiotis, Ainis, Magnesia, Malis, Oita, Perrhaibia, Thessaly, Akarnania, Aitolia, Lokris, Phokis, Boiotia, Euboia, Attica, Megaris and Corinthia, sixth to first centuries BC, Lancaster, lxxi, 563 p.
