Athens, silver, tetradrachms (Athena/owl) (453-440 BCE)
From SILVER
453 BCE - 440 BCE Silver 489,802 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet decorated with olive wreath and palmett |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | AӨE (Greek).Owl standing r., in l. field, olive twig. All within incuse square |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Athens | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Attica | Modern countryModern country: Greece | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 453 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 440 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Classical 480-323 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 17.10 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | tetradrachm
|
StandardStandard.: | Attic |
Image
S1693 Athens Malayer.jpg [1]
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | Meadows (to appear)1Meadows (to appear) | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | HGC 42HGC 4, n° 1597 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 133 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 124 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 131 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 142 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 1.07 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.08 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 0.98 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 93.23 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 1432.17 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 28,643,400 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 2098.44 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00000 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 12.68% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 198.3 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 489,802 kg <br /> 489,802 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 495.75 |
Remarks
Likely military
References
- ^ Meadows, Andrew (to appear), "The Growth of Athenian Coinage in the Archaic and Early Classical Periods", Iran.
- ^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2014), Handbook of Greek Coinage Series 4. Northern and Central Greece : Achaia Phthiotis, Ainis, Magnesia, Malis, Oita, Perrhaibia, Thessaly, Akarnania, Aitolia, Lokris, Phokis, Boiotia, Euboia, Attica, Megaris and Corinthia, sixth to first centuries BC, Lancaster, lxxi, 563 p.
