Athens, silver, tetradrachms (Athena/owl) (100-45 BCE)

100 BCE - 45 BCE Silver 152,348 kg

Description

Obverse:	Head of Athena Parthenos right, wearing crested Attic helmet with Pegasus, aplastron and front part of horses. Border of dots.
Reverse:	ΑΘΕ (Greek).

Mint and issuing power

Mint:

Athens

Ancient region:

Attica

Modern country: Greece

Authority:

Chronology

From

100 BCE

to

45 BCE

Period: Hellenistic ^{323-30 BC}

Physical description

Metal:

Silver

Median weight in grams

16.85

Denomination:

tetradrachm

Standard:

Attic

Image

References

Die study reference:	"[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Thompson 1961
Coin series reference:	"[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2Sear I, n° 2557-2559, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3RQEMH, n° 159, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]4HGC 4, n° 1602
Coin series web reference:	https://greekcoinage.org/iris/id/athens.thompson 1961.1066bis-1109 https://greekcoinage.org/iris/id/athens.thompson 1961.1147-1157 https://greekcoinage.org/iris/id/athens.thompson 1961.1110-1124

Obverse dies distribution

Frequency ^ᵖ	Number of obverses ^ᵖ (o)	% (o)	Number of coins (n)	% (n)	Die name
1	98	26.13	98		879, 880, 882, 886, 888, 901, 902, 911, 914, 929, 930, 946, 947, 954, 966, 971, 989, 992, 24, 25, 30, 31, 31X, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, 44, 54, 62, 67, 68, 69, 70, 80, 84, 85, 98X, 100, 104, 116, 120, 121, 125, 126, 143, 147, 148, 149, 150, 153, 158, 168, 174, 178, 182, 184, 187, 192X, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205, 207, 211, 215, 216, 223, 226X, 228, 229, 230, 232, 235, 236, 242, 244, 245, 246, 253, 254, 258, 259, 261, 267, 268, 269
2	80	21.33	160		881, 895, 896, 908, 913, 915, 920, 931, 943, 945, 957, 958, 965, 969, 974, 980, 982, 983, 986, 998, 1, 3, 4, 5, 21, 22, 23, 28, 29, 38, 46, 58, 65, 73, 79, 83, 86, 89, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 105, 111, 118, 119, 122, 123, 135, 136, 145, 151, 159, 162, 164, 173, 175, 179, 188, 190, 191, 192, 196, 199, 206, 210, 213, 217, 222, 239, 240, 260, 264, 270, 271, 272
3	50	13.33	150		887, 890, 893, 903, 910, 916, 923, 952, 963, 972, 973, 985, 987, 6, 7, 19, 41, 51, 74, 81, 82, 88, 92, 113, 129, 141, 144, 152, 165, 166, 172, 176, 183, 189, 208, 209, 214, 218, 219, 220, 221, 225, 227, 234, 237, 241, 243, 249, 256, 265
4	42	11.2	168		889, 892, 936, 938, 942, 949, 955, 968, 975, 984, 988, 990, 993, 994, 995, 997, 2, 8, 13, 18, 43, 59, 71, 72, 76, 97, 110, 115, 131, 134, 137, 154, 161, 163, 167, 170, 171, 180, 181, 233, 238, 266
5	36	9.6	180		885, 891, 898, 900, 912, 917, 918, 919, 922, 924, 932, 939, 944, 951, 956, 967, 977, 991, 999, 14, 26, 48, 56, 75, 91, 94, 127, 138, 156, 160, 177, 212, 224, 231, 255, 257
6	19	5.07	114		884, 897, 899, 909, 934, 959, 10, 12, 16, 20, 27, 47, 57, 61, 112, 114, 117, 155, 251
7	18	4.8	126		883, 925, 940, 941, 950, 953, 964, 979, 981, 11, 17, 50, 53, 64, 78, 87, 169, 263
8	12	3.2	96		894, 904, 906, 907, 937, 960, 52, 60, 66, 77, 90, 226
9	4	1.07	36		948, 970, 132, 139
10	2	0.53	20		976, 63
11	5	1.33	55		905, 933, 1000, 45, 128
12	5	1.33	60		921, 935, 996, 9, 55
13	1	0.27	13		142
14	1	0.27	14		140
15	2	0.53	30		961, 133
Total	375 of 375	99.99	1320 of 1,320

Reverse dies distribution

no distribution is available

Quantification

Number of obverses ^ᵖ (o)	375	Number of singletons (o1) ^ᵖ	98
Number of reverse dies (r)	818	Number of coins (n)	1320
Coins per obverse die (n/o)	3.52	Coins per reverse die (n/r)	1.61
Reverse per obverse ratio (r/o)	2.18	Percentage of singletons (o1) ^ᵖ	26.13 %
Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula) ^ᵖ	452.07	Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per die ^ᵖ	9,041,400
Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula) ^ᵖ (O)	523.81	Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per die ^ᵖ	0.00015
Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula) ^ᵖ (o = % of O)	92.58%	Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000 ^ᵖ	5,839.8
Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula) ^ᵖ	152,348 kg <br /> 152,348 kg	Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000 ^ᵖ	14,599.51

Remarks

Likely military

References

^ Thompson, Margaret (1961), The new style silver coinage of Athens, Numismatic Studies 10, New York, 2 vol.
^ Sear, David R. (1978), Greek coins and their values. Vol. I, Europe, London, xl, 316 p.
^ Callataÿ, François de (1997), Recueil quantitatif des émissions monétaires hellénistiques, Numismatique Romaine, Wetteren, X + 341 p.
^ Hoover, Oliver D. (2014), Handbook of Greek Coinage Series 4. Northern and Central Greece : Achaia Phthiotis, Ainis, Magnesia, Malis, Oita, Perrhaibia, Thessaly, Akarnania, Aitolia, Lokris, Phokis, Boiotia, Euboia, Attica, Megaris and Corinthia, sixth to first centuries BC, Lancaster, lxxi, 563 p.