Aradus, silver, tetradrachms (Tyche/standing Nike) (138-43 BCE)
From SILVER
138 BCE - 43 BCE Silver 31,828 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Bust of Tyche right |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | APAΔΙΩΝ (Greek).Nikè standing left |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Aradus | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Syria (Phoenicia) | Modern countryModern country: Syria | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 138 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 43 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 15.10 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | tetradrachm
|
StandardStandard.: |
Image
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Duyrat 2005, p. 82-103, no. 3010-4227 (series VII). | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2HGC 10, n° 72 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 16 | 15.24 | 16 | 4, 10, 17, 25, 36, 37, 41, 43, 47, 55, 82, 93, 100, 101, 102, 103 | |
| 2 | 6 | 5.71 | 12 | 5, 12, 33, 39, 51, 75 | |
| 3 | 2 | 1.9 | 6 | 30, 87 | |
| 4 | 11 | 10.48 | 44 | 2, 9, 14, 19, 20, 21, 38, 40, 50, 80, 104 | |
| 5 | 12 | 11.43 | 60 | 1, 3, 23, 28, 31, 42, 45, 46, 48, 97, 98, 105 | |
| 6 | 4 | 3.81 | 24 | 11, 26, 29, 58 | |
| 7 | 8 | 7.62 | 56 | 8, 16, 22, 27, 32, 44, 71, 84 | |
| 8 | 3 | 2.86 | 24 | 13, 18, 78 | |
| 9 | 4 | 3.81 | 36 | 13, 18, 78 | |
| 10 | 8 | 7.62 | 80 | 15, 34, 56, 57, 70, 74, 92, 96 | |
| 12 | 2 | 1.9 | 24 | 90, 94 | |
| 13 | 5 | 4.76 | 65 | 6, 61, 63, 64, 72 | |
| 15 | 2 | 1.9 | 30 | 7, 35 | |
| 16 | 2 | 1.9 | 32 | 52, 65 | |
| 17 | 1 | 0.95 | 17 | 69 | |
| 18 | 3 | 2.86 | 54 | 66, 68, 85 | |
| 19 | 1 | 0.95 | 19 | 49 | |
| 21 | 1 | 0.95 | 21 | 77 | |
| 22 | 1 | 0.95 | 22 | 91 | |
| 24 | 4 | 3.81 | 96 | 67, 73, 86, 95 | |
| 29 | 1 | 0.95 | 29 | 81 | |
| 31 | 1 | 0.95 | 31 | 76 | |
| 34 | 1 | 0.95 | 34 | 62 | |
| 38 | 1 | 0.95 | 38 | 59 | |
| 40 | 1 | 0.95 | 40 | 88 | |
| 46 | 1 | 0.95 | 46 | 83 | |
| 55 | 1 | 0.95 | 55 | ||
| Total | 103 of 105 | 98.06 | 1011 of 1,218 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 105 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 16 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 779 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 1218 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 11.6 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 1.56 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 7.42 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 15.24 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 105.39 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 2,107,800 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 114.91 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00058 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 98.69% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 23,114.15 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 31,828 kg <br /> 31,828 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 57,785.37 |
Remarks
Likely military
