Rome, silver, denarii (Jupiter/Europa on bull) (RRC 377/1 Vilonius Strabo - 81 BCE)
From SILVER
81 BCE - 81 BCE Silver 1,193 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Laureate head of Jupiter, right. Border of dots. |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | L·V͡LO·L·F·SS͡T A͡B (Latin).Europa seated on bull charging left, behind, winged thunderbolt, below, ivy-leaf. Border of dots. |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Rome | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Latium | Modern countryModern country: Italy | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: | Roman Republic |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 81 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 81 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 3.90 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | denarius
|
StandardStandard.: |
Image
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Campana 2020 | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2RRC, n° 377/1 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 3 | 1 | 6.67 | 3 | 2.1 | 3 |
| 4 | 1 | 6.67 | 4 | 2.8 | 10 |
| 5 | 5 | 33.33 | 25 | 17.48 | 5, 7, 11, 13, 14 |
| 6 | 1 | 6.67 | 6 | 4.2 | 12 |
| 10 | 2 | 13.33 | 20 | 13.99 | 4, 8 |
| 12 | 1 | 6.67 | 12 | 8.39 | 2 |
| 17 | 2 | 13.33 | 34 | 23.78 | 1, 6 |
| 19 | 1 | 6.67 | 19 | 13.29 | 15 |
| 20 | 1 | 6.67 | 20 | 13.99 | 9 |
| Total | 15 of 15 | 100.01 | 143 of 143 | 100.02 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 15 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 0 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 14 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 143 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 9.53 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 10.21 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 0.93 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 0 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 15.3 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 306,000 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 16.76 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00047 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 100% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 18,692.81 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 1,193 kg <br /> 1,193 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 46,732.03 |
Remarks
Most likely one single workstation Certainly military
