Ephesus, silver, denarii (head of Jupiter/cult statue of Ephesian Artemis) (RRC 445/3 L. Cornelius Lentulus and C. Claudius Marcellus - 49 BCE)
From SILVER
49 BCE - 49 BCE Silver 892 kg
Description
| ObverseInscription or printing placed on the obverse.: | Head of Jupiter right |
| ReverseInscription or printing placed on the reverse.: | [[Reverse legend::L•LENTVLVS downwards to right, [MAR] COS upwards to left]] (Latin).Cult statue of Ephesian Artemis with hands extended, ornamented with fillet hanging |
Mint and issuing power
| MintIdentifies the place of manufacture or issue of a numismatic object.: | Ephesus | Ancient regionAncient region.: | Ionia | Modern countryModern country: Turkey | AuthorityIdentifies the issuing power. The authority can be "pretended" when the name or the portrait of X is on the coin but he/she was not the issuing power. It can also be "uncertain" when there is no mention of X on the coin but he/she was the issuing power according to the historical sources: | Roman Republic |
Chronology
| FromIdentifies the initial date in a range assigned in a numismatic context. | 49 BCE | toIdentifies the final date in a range assigned in a numismatic context.. | 49 BCE | PeriodTime period of the numismatic object.: Hellenistic 323-30 BC 
|
Physical description
| MetalThe physical material (usually metal) from which an object is made.: | Silver
|
Median weightMedian of the weights of numismatic objects (in grams). in grams | 3.90 | DenominationTerm indicating the value of a numismatic object. Examples: tetradrachm, chalkous, denarius.: | denarius
|
StandardStandard.: | Roman |
Image
References
| Die study referencePublication of the study: | "[[Die study reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]1Woytek 2016 | ||
| Coin series referenceReference to coin series study: | "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]2Sydenham 1952, n° 1031, "[[Coin series reference" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]3RRC, n° 445/3 | ||
| Coin series web referenceCoin series web references: | |||
Obverse dies distribution
| FrequencyFrequency of specimen in distribution. ᵖ | Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | % (o) | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | % (n) | Die nameName(s) of the die(s). |
| 1 | 2 | 18.18 | 2 | 2.33 | BV, BIX |
| 3 | 1 | 9.09 | 3 | 3.49 | B2 |
| 4 | 1 | 9.09 | 4 | 4.65 | B4 |
| 5 | 2 | 18.18 | 10 | 11.63 | A2, BVIII |
| 6 | 1 | 9.09 | 6 | 6.98 | BVI |
| 9 | 1 | 9.09 | 9 | 10.47 | BVII |
| 10 | 1 | 9.09 | 10 | 11.63 | A1 |
| 11 | 1 | 9.09 | 11 | 12.79 | B3 |
| 31 | 1 | 9.09 | 31 | 36.05 | B1 |
| Total | 11 of 11 | 99.99 | 86 of 86 | 100.02 |
Reverse dies distribution
no distribution is available
Quantification
| Number of obversesNumber of obverse dies. ᵖ (o) | 11 | Number of singletons (o1)The number of singleton coins. ᵖ | 2 |
| Number of reverse diesNumber of reverse dies. (r) | 18 | Number of coinsNumber of coins. (n) | 86 |
| Coins per obverse dieNumber of coins per obverse die. (n/o) | 7.82 | Coins per reverse dieNumber of coins per reverse die. (n/r) | 4.78 |
| Reverse per obverse ratioRatio of obverse dies divided by reverse dies. (r/o) | 1.64 | Percentage of singletons (o1)number of coins (n) divided by the number of singletons (o1) ᵖ | 18.18 % |
| Original number of dies (O) (Carter 1983 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to Carter 1983 ᵖ | 11.44 | Coins struck if 20,000 as average productivity per dieCoins made if the average productivity for obverses (according to Carter) is 20,000. ᵖ | 228,800 |
| Original number of dies (O) (Esty 2011 formula)The estimation of the number of coins according to the singleton formula in Esty 2011 ᵖ (O) | 12.61 | Survival rate if 20,000 as average productivity per dieSurvival rate if average productivity is 20,000. ᵖ | 0.00038 |
| Coverage (o = % of O) (Esty 1984 formula)Esty 1984 - coverage (% of O) ᵖ (o = % of O) | 97.67% | Die productivity if survival rate 1/2,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/2,000. ᵖ | 15,034.97 |
| Weight of silver (in kg) if 20,000 coins per die (O = Carter formula)Carter 1983 * Median weight * 20000 (*10 if gold or electrum) ᵖ | 892 kg <br /> 892 kg | Die productivity if survival rate 1/5,000Average productivity if survival rate is 1/5,000. ᵖ | 37,587.41 |
Remarks
Most likely one single workstation Likely military
References
- ^ Woytek, Bernhard (2016), "The denarii RR C 445/3, signed by the consuls Lentulus and Marcellus (49 BC): A die study," in: F. Haymann ‒ W. Hollstein ‒ M. Jehne (eds.), Neue Forschungen zur Münzprägung der römischen Republik. Beiträge zum internationalen Kolloquium im Residenzschloss Dresden 19.-21. Juni 2014 (Nomismata. Historisch-numismatische Forschungen 8), Bonn, p. 173‒ 214.
- ^ Sydenham, Edward Allen (1952), The Coinage of the Roman Republic, London, Spink & Son Ltd., lxix, 343 p., 30 pl.
- ^ Crawford, Michael H. (1974), Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge
